Finn APAH Midterm

Apollo 11 Stones

Namibia. c. 25,500-25,300 B.C.E. Charcoal on stone.

Great Hall of the Bulls

Lascaux, France, Paleolithic Europe, 15,000-13,000 B.C.E, Rock Painting

Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine

Tequixquiac, central Mexico. 14,000-7000 B.C.E. Bone.

Running Horned Woman

Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria. 6000-4000 B.C.E. Pigment on rock.

Beaker with Ibex Motifs

Susa, Iran. 4200-3500 B.C.E. Painted terra cotta.

Anthropomorphic Stele

Arabian Peninsula. Fourth millennium B.C.E. Sandstone.

Jade Cong

Liangzhu, China. 3300-2200 BCE. Carved jade.

Stonehenge

Wiltshire, UK. Neolithic Europe. c. 2500-1600 B.C.E. Sandstone.

The Ambum Stone

Ambum Valley, Enga Province, Papua New Guinea. c. 1500 B.C.E. Greywacke.

Tlatilco female figurine

Central Mexico, site of Tlatilco. 1200-900 B.C.E. Ceramic.

Terra Cotta Fragment

Lapita. Solomon Islands, Reef Islands. 1000 B.C.E. Terra cotta (incised).

Prehistory

the period of time before written records

Paleolithic

relating to the earliest period of the Stone Age

Neolithic

of, relating to, or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.

twisted perspective

a representation of a figure, part in profile and part frontally

incise

cut into; carve; engrave

megalith

large stone

Sarson

large sandstone blocks or fragments found in south-central England, probably remnants of eroded Tertiary beds.

post and lintel

a structure consisting of vertical beams supporting a horizontal beam

Stele

A carved stone slab used to mark graves or to commemorate historical events.

medium

the material with which a piece of art is made

stylized

art that represents objects in an exaggerated way to emphasize certain aspects of the object

representative

art that is concerned with the representation of reality and especially the characteristic or verisimilar representation of nature or life

Mesopotomia

Greek for "land between two rivers" fertile farming valley in Central Asia that owes its fertile character to Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

scale

the overall physical size of an artwork or objects in the artwork

composition

a complete work of art and, more specifically, to the way in which all its elements work together to produce an overall effect.

Form

one of the elements of visual art which pertains to the way that a shape or physical configuration occupies space.

Line

identifiable path created by a point moving in space.

Color

hue, value, and intensity

Tone

the relative lightness or darkness of a color

Texture

one of the elements of art that is used to represent how an object appears or feels

background

the space in a piece of artwork that functions as a means to support and enhance the main subject matter of the piece

foreground

The area of the picture space nearest to the viewer

perspective

the representation of three-dimensional objects or spaces in two dimensional artworks

Edict of Milan

issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire

Prefiguration

In Early Christian art, the depiction of Old Testament persons and events as prophetic forerunners of Christ and New Testament events.

Catacombs

An underground cemetery, esp. one consisting of tunnels and rooms with recesses dug out for coffins and tombs.

Basilican Plan

Church style favored in the west, based on the classical Basilica. Focus is on the nave

Nave

the central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation

Apse

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.

Aisles

the portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers

Transept

The part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle.

Ambulatory

continuation of the aisled spaces on either side of the nave (central part of the church) around the apse (semicircular projection at the east end of the church) or chancel (east end of the church where the main altar stands) to form a continuous processional way.

Atrium

An open courtyard at the entrance of a church, usually surrounded by covered aisles

Narthex

A porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave

Byzantine

Churches w/ soaring spaces and ornate decorations, marble columns w/ inlay, gold coffered ceilings. Ex: Hagia Sophia

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Manuscripts

handwritten texts

Codex

an ancient manuscript text in book form.

Vellum

fine parchment made originally from the skin of a calf.

Illumination

The artistic decoration of books and manuscripts

Icons

religious images used by eastern christians to aid their devotions

Iconoclasm

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.

Triptych

a picture or relief carving on three panels, typically hinged together side by side and used as an altarpiece.

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

Qibla

This wall in a mosque always faces Mecca.

Mihrab

a niche in the wall of a mosque, at the point nearest to Mecca, toward which the congregation faces to pray.

Minarets

Tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer.

Pyxis

a small cylinder-shaped container with a detachable lid used to contain cosmetics or jewelry

Cloisonne

decorative work in which enamel, glass, or gemstones are separated by strips of flattened wire placed edgeways on a metal backing.

Fibulae

A decorative pin, usually used to fasten garments.

Romanesque

Style of church architecture using round arches, domes, thick walls, and small windows

Gothic

architecture characterized by long pointed arches, flying exterior buttresses, stained-glass windows that were longer than before, ribbed vaults, and spires

Relic

(n.) an object from the past with historical value or interest; a trace of an outdated custom; remaining fragments, ruins

Reliquary

A container where religious relics are stored or displayed (especially relics of saints)

Groin vaults

a vault created by the intersection of two barrel vaults of equal size which creates four side compartments of identical size and shape

Ribbed vaults

A framework of thin stone ribs or arches built under the intersection of the vaulted sections of the ceiling

Jambs

In architecture, the side posts of a doorway.

Tympanum

the space enclosed by a lintel and an arch over a doorway

Abbot Suger

Abbot of Saint-Denis. Set the stage for the heavy decoration of costly stained-glass windows and sculptures in the cathedrals of the Gothic age. Mark the beginning of Gothic architecture.

Clerestory

A row of windows in the upper part of a wall.

Flying buttresses

stone support on the outside of a building that allowed builders to construct higher walls and leave space for large stained-glass windows

Stained glass

colored glass used for windows or decorative applications

Pietá

A painted or sculpted representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of the dead Christ.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Trecento

the 14th century as a period of Italian art, architecture, or literature.

Quattrocento

the 1400s, or fifteenth century, in Italian art

Cinquecento

the 16th century as a period of Italian art, architecture, or literature, with a reversion to classical forms.

City-state

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

Florence

This city was once of hot spots of Renaissance culture in the 1400s, Michelangelo, da Vinci, Giotto all from here

Patron

a person who provides financial support for the arts

Grisaille

a painting done in neutral shades of gray to simulate the look of sculpture

Trompe l'oeil

highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a two-dimensional surface.

Chiaroscuro

The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth.

Lamentation

grief and apparent sorrow over Jesus Christ's death

Last Judgment

Jesus Christ's judgment of the living and the dead on the last day when he comes to fully establish God's Kingdom.

Haggadah

the text recited at the Seder on the first two nights of the Jewish Passover, including a narrative of the Exodus.

Passover Seder

Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover

quatrefoil

An ornamental design of four lobes or leaves as used in architectural tracery, resembling a flower or four-leaf clover.

Golden ratio

approximately 1.618 and is believed to be aesthetically pleasing in art and architecture

Pilasters

a rectangular column, especially one projecting from a wall.

Fresco

technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster

Tempera paint

A technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk, glue, or casein; also, the medium itself.

Oil paint

paint made of pigment floating in oil

Naturalism

a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

Linear (one-point) perspective

a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.

Atmospheric perspective

Creating the illusion of depth of space by fading colors and eliminating detail in objects that are further away.

Altarpiece

a panel, painted or sculpted, situated above and behind an altar

Annunciation

The announcement by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary that God wanted her to be the Mother of the Savior, Jesus Christ.

Predella

the painted or sculpted lower portion of an altarpiece that relates to the subjects of the upper portion