Chapter 3 Issues of the Late 1800s

Sitting Bull

chief of the Sioux Indians, escaped to Canada following the Battle of Little Big Horn

Chief Joseph

led a group Nez Perces refugees on a 1,300 mile trek to Canada, then banished to Oklahoma

vigilantes

self-appointed law enforcers

Oliver H. Kelley

a minnesota farmer, businessman, journalist, and government clerk who organized the grange

Grange

organization to provide new farming techniques and called for regulation of railroads

William J. Bryan

delivered the cross of gold speech

William Mckinley

republican candidate who ran against William Jennings Bryan, accumulated 15 million dollars and allowed party regulators to campaign for him

reservation

specific areas set aside by the government for the Indians' use

Sand Creek Massacre

an attack in which John Chivington and his men opened fire on unarmed women and children despite Indians waving the US flag in peace

US Flag

the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians waved the ____ ______ in the Sand Creek Massacre to promote peace

Battle of Little Big Horn

general George Custer and his men are killed fighting against the Sioux Indians (Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse), who attempted to drive gold hunters out of their land

Wounded Knee

confrontation between US cavalry and Sioux Indians that marked the end of Indian resistance, Sitting Bull is killed

Ghost Dance War

what is another name for the Battle at Wounded Knee?

Chief Piapot

quoted: "In order to become sole masters of our land they relegated us to small reservations as big as my hand and made us long promises, as long as my arm; but the next year the promises were shorter and got shorter every year until now they are the length of my finger, and they keep only half of that"

Kit Carson

the government sent __________ __________ to destroy the homes, food, and livestock of the Navejo tribe; this man caused 2/3 of 12,000 men to surrender, and forced them to a "long-walk" of 300 miles to eastern New Mexico

Red River War

a series of major and minor incidents that led to the defeat of the Southern Plains Indians; it marked the end of the southern buffalo herds and the opening of the Texas panhandle to western settlement

reasons for tension between settlers and native americans

settlers continued to make false promises and take land from native americans

americanization movement

~aimed at native americans and immigrants, main goal was to weaken native american and foreign tribal cultures
~thought that native americans had to give up tribal loyalties and behaviors before they could adopt mainstream american values

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of "A Century of Dishonor" about the unjust treatment of Native Americans

Dawes Act

encouraged Indians to become private property owners and farmers, subsequently ending the reservations' tribal landholding systems

25

the Dawes Act specified that the land belonged to the Indians for _____ years, in order for the Indians to have enough time to assimilate to farming and individual land ownership

Leadville, Colorado, and Nevada City, Montana

names of the two "boomtowns" that thrived as long as gold and silver held out

d

the government offered farm plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to:
a. live on the land for 5 years
b. dig a well
c. build a road
d. all of the above

Sacramento, Omaha

the Central Pacific track ran eastward from __________, and the Union Pacific tracks ran westward from __________

Promontory Point, Utah

Place where Union Pacific RR tracks connected to the Central Pacific tracks

James Hill

railroad entrepreneur who built and operated the Great Northern Railroad from St. Paul, Minnesota to Everett, Washington

effects of the railroads on economy

-held nation together
-moved people and products
-brought western meat to eastern table
-towns and cities grew
-helped close the frontier in late 19th century
-changed political boundaries as territories became states

60,000

requirements for statehood included a population of __________ inhabitants

10

between 1864 and 1896, _____ (#) territories became states

Morrill Act

(1862) federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges

Preemption Act

(1862) federal law that gave squatters (migrants in westward expansion) the right to buy up to 160 acres of land for $1.25 per acre; this law set the stage for the Homestead Act

Steel Plow, Mechanical Reaper, Barbed Wire

the growth of innovative technology allowed larger populations and profits from these three inventions:

bulldogging

when a cowboy leaps from his horse onto a steer's horns and wrestles the steer to the ground

entertainment

bulldogging provided ___________________ for railroad towns.

the grange

an association formed by farmers in the late 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies

William J. Bryan

democratic candidate known as the "Great Commoner", advocated for women's rights, respected farmers

Bill Pickett

an african american cowboy who invented bulldogging

True

the west had the widest diversity of people in the nation

20

80

_____% of the nation's Asians, Mexicans, and Mexican-Americans lived in the west

White Jobs

mobs of whites were mad at the Chinese for taking their "_______ _______"

100,000

almost all __________(#) Chinese immigrants lived in the west

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) federal law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

Saum Song Bo

questioned why he should support a fundraising drive to build the statue of Liberty

4

___ out of 5 Mexican Americans who lived in New Mexico lost their land due to westward expansion

Sooners

people who illegally claimed land by sneaking past government officials before the land races began

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters

Andrew Jackson

this US president first used the spoils system in the 1820s

Political Machine

the practice of promising groups to use their company in return for support of their political party

75-80

___-___% of all of those that could vote, did in the Gilded Age

Ulysses S. Grant

18th president in the US that allied with the Radical Republicans; was involved in many scandals and ultimately was corrupt

Schulyer Colfax

This man was Vice President when he was instigated in in a scheme to steal profits from the Union Pacific Railroad

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th democratic US president; maintained integrity through his campaign

aura of greed

the stigma surrounding American politics when people were taking money from the city's treasury, selling construction contracts to friends, and diverting money from city accounts

equal

republicans and democrats were about _____ in every election from 1872 to 1916

El Paso Salt War

1877 conflict resulting from disagreement between whites and Mexicans over the use of the El Paso valley salt beds; because of the victory of the whites here, the formerly communal salt beds were privatized and used for profit

Boomers

planned to push their way onto the Oklahoma/Indian Territory by respectfully waiting in line

McCormick Reaper

machine that mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots

Barbed Wire

used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier

Steel Plow

machine invented by John Deere that could plow through thick soil so people could now farm in the Midwest

loans, land grants

what are the two ways in which congress supported construction of the transcontinental railroad?

Benjamin Singleton

a black businessman from Tennessee who helped organize the Exodusters

Kansas and Oklahoma

the "promised land" for the Exodusters

Moses

the bible story of __________ involved leading the exodus of Jews out of bondage into a new life

John Chivington

commander of the Colorado militia at the Sand Creek Massacre

civil service

a system that includes federal jobs in the executive branch

Pendleton Civil Service Act

(1883): a federal law, signed by Chester A. Arthur, that did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees merit based; getting a job depended on doing well on a Civil Service Exam, not on manipulating one's political connections

Southern Farmers' Alliance

an organization that rallied behind political reforms to solve the farmers' economic problems; called for "sub-treasuries" (low interest loans) and pushed for higher crop prices

Georgia Alliance

led a boycott against manufacturers who raised the price of the special cord that farmers used to wrap bundles of cotton

Colored Farmers' Alliance

an organization led by R.M Humphrey including more than 1 million southern black farmers; organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers to promote collectivism between groups

Gold Standard

a monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

Flat Money

objects that have value because a government has decreed that they are an acceptable means to pay debts; currency is not backed by gold and silver

Coinage Act of 1873

required all currency in the US to be backed by gold; helped cause the Panic of 1873

Greenbacks

name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver; type of flat money

smaller, more

using only gold meant that the money supply was __________(smaller or larger) and each dollar would be worth __________(more or less)

Cross of Gold Speech

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers

36

William Jennings Bryan was only _____ when he was nominated Democratic nominee

Populist Party

people's party; political party formed in 1891 to advocate a larger money supply and other economic reforms; united blacks and whites

15

corn was worth _____ cents in the 1870s

6

corn was worth _____ cents in the mid-1890s

Horace Greeley

encouraged the poor to move west, discouraging the fact that native americans already inhabited the land

Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868

in this agreement, Native Americans agreed to stay in a limited area (reservation) in return for the US promise of money, animals, agricultural tools, schools, and communal buildings; in other words, if the Native Americans assimilated to US culture, then peace would come

Las Gorras Blancas

group of Mexican Americans living in New Mexico who attempted to protect people of "helpless classes" by cutting holes in barbed wire fences and burning houses