IS300 [Chapter 7]

Broadband

defined by Federal Communications Commission as providing Internet service at a minimum if 100 Mbps for downloads and 4 Mbps for uploads

Network Operating System (NOS)

software that routes and manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources

Hub

simple device that connects network components, sending a packet of data to all other connected devices

Switch

device used to connect network components that has more intelligence than a hub and can filter and forward data to a specified destination

router

communications processor that forwards packets of data from one network to another network

software-defined networking (SDN)

networking approach that involves using a central control program separate from network devices to manage the flow of data on a network

packet switching

method of slicing digital messages into small, fixed bundles of data called packets, routing them along different communications paths as the paths become available and then reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destination

protocol

a set of rules and procedures that govern transmission between the components in a network

transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)

dominant model for achieving connectivity among different networks. provides a universally agreed-on method for breaking up digital messages into packets, routing them to the proper address, and then reassembling them into coherent messages

1. application (enables client application programs to access the other layers and defines the protocols that the applications use to exchange data)

2. transport (provides the Application layer with communication and packet services)

3. internet (addressing, routing, and packaging data packets called IP datagrams)

4. network interface (places packets on and receiving from the network medium, which could be any networking technology)

what are the 4 layers of the TCP/IP reference model for communications?

modem

a device for translating a computer’s digital signals into analog form for transmission over analog networks or for translating analog signals back into digital form for reception by a computer

translates digital signals into analog form

local area network (LAN)

designed to connect computers and digital devices within a limited area and to link to long-distance wide area networks, such as the Internet

peer-to-peer

network architecture that treats all processors on the network equally; the various computers on the network exchange data by direct access and can share periperal devices. used primarily in small networks

wide area network (WAN)

telecommunications network that spans a large geographical distance (region, state, continent, or even the entire globe) Internet is the most universl and powerful example

Campus area network (CAN)

computer network that spans a limited geographical area, up to about 1 miles that may be used for a corporate facility or college campus

Metropolitan area network (MAN)

network that spans a metropolitan area, usually a city and its major suburbs

its geographic scope falls between a WAN and a LAN

Bandwidth

measures how much data can be transferred over a communications medium within a fixed period of time and typically is expressed as

bits per second (Bps),

kilobits per second (Kbps),

megabits per second (Mbps)

gigabits per second (Gbps)

terabits per second (Tbps)

Internet protocol address (IP address)

numeric address indicating a unique computer location on the Internet

IPv6

IP address system using 128-bit IP addresses, stands for Internet Protocol version 6

Domain name

representation of a numeric IP address as a national language name

Domain Name System (DNS)

a hierarchical system of servers that maintain a database enabling the conversation of domain names to their numeric IP addresses

Internet service providers (ISPs)

commercial organizations with a permanent connection to the Internet that sell temporary connections to subscribers

Digital subscriber line (DSL)

a group of technologies providing high-capacity voice, data, and video transmission over existing telephone lines

cable internet connections

use digital coaxial cable lines to deliver high-speed internet access to homes and businesses

T1 line

international telephone standard for digital communication that offers guaranteed delivery at 1.54 Mbps

T3 line

international telephone standard for digital communications that offers guaranteed delivery at 145 Mbps

Email

the computer-to-computer exchange of messages

Instant messaging

chat service that allows participants to create their own private chat channels so that a person can be alerted whenever someone on his or her private list is online to initiaate a chat session with that particular individual

Voice over IP (VoIP)

technology for managing the delivery of voice information using the Internet Protocol (IP)

Unified communications (UC)

Integrates disparate channels for voice communications, data communications, instant messaging, email, and teleconferencing into a single experience where users can seamlessly switch back and forth between different communication modes.

Virtual private network (VPN)

A secure, encrypted private network that has been configured within a public network, such as the Internet

Web page

Online "page" formatted using HTML and that may contain embedded links (hyperlinks) that connect documents to one another and also link pages to other objects, such as sound, video, or animation files

Website

a collection of web pages linked to a home page

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

The communications standard used to transfer pages on the web. Defines how messages are formatted and transmitted

Uniform resource locator (URL)

the address of a specific resource on the Internet

Dark Web

Portion of the deep web that has been intentionally hidden from search engines in order to preserve anonymity

Search engine

A tool for locating specific sites or information on the Internet.

Search engine marketing

Use of search engines to deliver sponsored links for which advertisers have paid in search engine results.

Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

Process of improving the quality and volume of web traffic to a website by employing a series of techniques that help a website achieve a higher ranking with the major search engines.

Semantic search

Use of natural language processing to understand the content and meanings of words, phrases, and sentences used in search queries

Predictive Search

Part of a search algorithm that predicts what a user query is looking for as it is entered.

Visual search

Searching for information using images instead of text-based queries.

Voice search

Using natural language processing and speech recognition technology to process voice queries and provide search results.

Blog

Popular term for “weblog,” designating an informal yet structured website used by individuals and businesses to publish content online

Really Simple Syndication (RSS)

Technology using aggregator software to pull content from websites and feed it automatically to subscribers’ computers.

social networks sites

Online community that enables users to connect with and expand their social or business contacts.

Internet2

Advanced networking consortium focused on the development of next-generation Internet technologies.

Metaverse

Anticipated future iteration of the web featuring online 3D or virtually integrated environments that provide users with access to virtual reality and augmented reality experiences.

Web3

A more decentralized Internet based on the ideas behind blockchain that would be controlled by its users rather than dominated by big corporations.

Smartphone

Mobile device that combines the functionality of a cell phone with that of a Wi-Fi-enabled laptop computer, providing voice, messaging, scheduling, email, and Internet capabilities

3G network

Cellular network that provides transmission speeds from 144 Kbps to 2 Mbps; have been phased out by major telecommunications carriers in the United States.

4G network

Cellular network that provides transmission speeds of up to 100 Mbps speeds for downloading and 50 Mbps for uploading.

5G network

Wireless communication technology supporting transmission of very large amounts of data in the gigabit range, with fewer transmission delays and the ability to connect many more devices (such as sensors and smart devices) at once.

Bluetooth

Standard for wireless personal area networks that can transmit up to 722 Kbps within a 10-meter area.

Personal area networks (PAN)

Computer network used for communication among digital devices that are located within close proximity to one another.

Wi-fi

Refers to the 802.11 set of standards for wireless LANs and wireless Internet access standards.

Hotspot

Location with one or more access points that provide public Wi-Fi Internet access

WiMax

Popular term for IEEE Standard 802.16 for wireless networking over a range of up to 31 miles with a data transfer rate of up to 75 Mbps. Stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

Radio frequency identification (RFID)

Technology using tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an item and its location; the tags transmit short- distance radio signals to special RFID readers that then pass the data on to a computer for processing.

near field communication (NFC)

Short-range wireless connectivity standard that uses electromagnetic radio fields to enable two compatible devices to exchange data when brought within a few centimeters of each other.

Wireless sensor network (WSN)

Network of interconnected wireless devices with built-in processing, storage, and radio frequency sensors and antennas that are embedded into the physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large spaces

client computing

linked through network controlled by network server computer

server computing

sets rules of communication for network and provides every client with an address so others can find it on the network

Internet

largest implementation of client/server computing

Internet Architecture Board

defines the overall structure of the Internet, no formal management for this

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

assigns IP addresses, no formal management for this

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

formats documents for display on Web (ex: why Safari might look different than Google)

Web 2.0

second-generation Web services for collaborating, sharing, and creating online

[blogs, Really Simple Syndication (RSS), Wikis, SNS]

wikis

collaborative Web sites where visitors can add, delete, or modify content