APUSH Period 2.1-2.3 Vocab

Huguenots

a group of French Protestants that lived from about 1560 to 1629.

Colonization

the process of settling and controlling an already inhabited area for the economic benefit of the settlers, or colonizers.

Calvinsism

developed in Switzerland by John Calvin, a version of Protestantism in which civil judges and reformed ministers ruled over a Christian society.

Iroquois Confedeacy

A group of allied American Indian nations that included the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and later the Tuscarora. The Confederacy was largely dissolved by the final decade of the 1700s.

Pueblo revolt

1680 uprising of Pueblo Indians against Spanish forces in New Mexico that led to the Spaniards' temporary retreat from the area. The uprising was sparked by mistreatment and the suppression of Pueblo culture and religion.

inflation

an increase in the supply of currency relative to the goods available, leading to a decline in the purchasing power of money.

Enclosure movements

the legal and social changes in agricultural practices that involved enclosing common lands into individual private properties, often fenced off.

indentured servitude

Servants contracted to work for a set period of time without pay. Many early migrants to the English colonies indentured themselves in exchange for the price of passage to North America.

Joint-stock companies

Companies in which large numbers of investors own stock. They were able to quickly raise large amounts of money and shared risk and reward equally among investors.

Powhatan Confederacy

Large and powerful confederation of Alogonquian-speaking American indians in Virginia. The Jamestown settlers had a complicated and often combative relationship with the leaders of the Powhatan Confederacy.

Headright system

Created in Virginia in 1618, it rewarded those who imported indentured laborers and settlers with fifty acres of land.

House of Burgesses

local governing body in Virginia established by the English crown in 1619.

Veto

the right to block a decision made by a governing body.

Privy Council

a body of some thirty to forty advisers appointed by and responsible solely to the king. The Privy Council became the first agency of colonial supervision.

Church of England

National church established by King Henry VIII after he spit with the Catholic Church in 1534.

Act of Religious Toleration

1649 act passed by Maryland Assembly granting religious freedom to all Christians.

English CIvil War

series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.

Slave Code

laws restricting enslaved peoples' rights, largely due to slaveholders' fears of rebellion.

Bacon's Rebellion

676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon. Bacon and his followers, many of whom were former indentured servants, were upset by the Virginia governor's unwillingness to send troops to intervene in conflicts between settlers and American Indians and by the lack of representation of western settlers in the House of Burgesses.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Theologians

a person who engages or is an expert in the study of the nature of God and religious belief.

Indulgences

"extra blessings" given to people from the papacy by donating money to the Church.

Predestination

Religious belief that God has predetermined who is worthy of salvation, and thus it could not be earned through good works or penance.

Pilgrims

Also known as separatists, a group of English religious dissenters who established a settlement at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. Unlike more mainstream Protestants, the Pilgrims aimed to cut all connections with the Church of England.

Puritans

Radical English Protestants who hoped to reform the Church of England. The first puritan settlers in the Americas arrived in Massachusetts in 1630.

Mayflower Compact

Written agreement created by the Pilgrims upon their arrival in Plymouth. It was the first written constitution adopted in North America.

Puritan Migration

The mass migration of Puritans from Europe to NEw England during the 1620s and 1630s

Anglicization

Adoption of English customs and traditions. This shaped colonial culture and politics in eighteenth-century North America.

Common Law

Law established from custom and the standards set by previous judicial rulings.

Patriarchal Family

a gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the male line and male heads of family rule over women and children.

Pequot War

1636-1637 conflict between New England settlers, their Narragansett allies, and the Pequots. The English saw the Pequots as both a threat and an obstacle to further English expansion.

Metacom's Wawr

1675-1676 conflict between New England settlers and the region's American Indians. The settlers were the eventual victors, but fighting was fierce and casualties on both sides were high.

Domination of New England

The consolidation of Northeastern colonies by King James II in 1686 to establish greater control over them, resulting in the banning of town meetings, new taxes, and other unpopular policies. THe Dominion was dissolved during the Glorious Revolution.

Glorious Revolution

Bloodless Revolution where James II was removed from the throne and replaced with William and Mary.

King William's War

1689-1697 war that began as a conflict over competing french and english interests on the European continent but soon spread to the American frontier. Both sides pulled American Indian allies to the war.

Household mode of production

The system of exchanging goods and labor that helped eighteenth-century New England freeholders survive on ever-shrinking farms as available land became more scarce.