Chapter 6: pgs. 112-125 || Photosynthesis

Calvin cycle

________= light-independent reactions or dark reactions (not needing direct light, while proceeding during the day because light reactions produce the material that the ________ uses to fix carbon)

Chloroplasts

________ are surrounded by a double membrane.

CO₂

When stomata is partially closed → less ________ in the plant and O₂ rises as light reactions generate it.

NADP+

(ADP, ________, & phosphate are used again in light reactions to make ATP & NADPH)

Higher light intensity

________ excites more electrons in both photosystems.

Chemical energy

________ is temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH.

Pigments

________ absorb colors and therefore subtract others, reflecting a not white light.

Enzyme

________ combines CO₂ with 5- carbon molecule ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

NADP+

________ is an organic molecule that accepts electrons when an oxidation /reduction reaction happens.

Photosynthesis

________ is a cycle, the products of the light reactions are used in the Calvin cycle, and some products of the Calvin cycle are used in light reactions.

Chloroplasts

________: organelles found in plant & algae cells.

Calvin cycle

________ occurs in the stroma.

Calvin cycle

________ is most common pathway for carbon fixation.

autotroph

organisms that produce their own energy

heterotroph

organisms that get energy from food

biochemical pathway

linked series of chemical reactions

cellular respiration

O₂ and organic compounds are used to make CO₂ and water

Light Reactions

[sun]light energy → chemical energy; stored in ATP and energy carrier molecule NADPH

chloroplasts

organelles found in plant & algae cells

grana

stacks of the thylakoids

stroma

basically the cytoplasm of the chloroplast

visible spectrum

white light when reflected into a prism reflects into 7 colors; ROYGBIV, violet having the smallest wavelengths and red having the largest

pigments

compounds that absorb light

chlorophylls

one of the pigments found in the membrane of thylakoids

Chlorophyll A

absorbs more red light than Chlorophyll ___

Chlorophyll A

directly involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis

Chlorophyll B

absorbs more blue light than Chlorophyll ___

carotenoids

brown, yellow, and orange accessory pigments in the thylakoid membrane

photosystem

a cluster of pigment molecules & the proteins they are weaved into; found in the thylakoid membrane

chemiosmosis

synthesis of ATP

Calvin cycle

chemical reactions assisted by enzymes that eventually make a three-carbon sugar

carbon fixation

carbon atoms from CO₂ are bonded (fixed) into organic compounds in the Calvin cycle

stomata

small pores that can let water out easily

CAM Pathway

plants like cactuses and pineapples open their stomata during the night and close during the day, contradictory to other plants

Enzymes

________ split water molecules inside the thylakoid into protons, electrons, and oxygen.

Accessory pigments

________ help Chlorophyll A with getting more light as they absorb colors that A doesnt.

Photosynthesis

________: process in which autotrophs create their own energy- taking light energy from the sun and turning it into [typically] carbohydrates.

Visible spectrum

________- white light when reflected into a prism reflects into 7 colors; ROYGBIV, violet having the smallest wavelengths and red having the largest.

Starch

________ is where the chemical energy that is important for both auto & heterotrophs come from and need.

Stomata

________: small pores that can let water out easily.

Carbohydrate

________ is often replaced by glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), which means itd look more like this: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

Protons

________ made are left inside the thylakoid and the oxygen diffuses out of the plant.

Heterotroph

________: organisms that get energy from food.

Biochemical pathway

________- linked series of chemical reactions.

Grana

________: stacks of the thylakoids.

Sunlight energy

________ absorbed, converted to chemical energy, temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH.

Stroma

________: basically the cytoplasm of the chloroplast.

Extra carbohydrates

________ are stored as starch in chloroplasts and in roots & fruits.

Energy

________ is harnessed by the enzyme ATP synthase in the thylakoid membrane.

Autotroph

________: organisms that produce their own energy.

White light

________ can be reflected, transmitted or absorbed into objects.

Chlorophylls

________: one of the pigments found in the membrane of thylakoids.

Accessory pigment molecules

________ absorb light.

Stomata

________ are the most important passageways for CO₂ to enter and O₂ to leave.

Calvin cycle

________: chemical reactions assisted by enzymes that eventually make a three- carbon sugar.

C₄ plants

corn, sugar cane, and crab grass