APUSH Great Awakening & Enlightenment

A Great Awakening minister who led the "New Light" (evangelical) party within the growing Presbyterian communities of New Jersey and New York

Gilbert Tenant

Argued that Kings should be the servants of the people, not the other way around

Adam Smith

Argued in his novel Emile that children should be taught by appealing to their interests

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A brilliant English preacher who let loose and outpouring of "soul shaking Evangelicalism" that flooded New England for four years

George Whitefield

Tried to describe what he considered a perfect government in The Spirit of the Laws

Baron de Montesquieu

Produced the most important southern revivals during the Great Awakening

Samuel Davies

Wrote Philosophical Letters Concerning the English Nation

Voltaire

Believed that a ruler who violated the rights of a citizen violated natural law (social contract)

John Locke

Touched off a major religious explosion in the Connecticut River Valley

Jonathan Edwards

The author of Leviathan, he considered anarchy a state of nature

Thomas Hobbes

A system whereby absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the enlightenment

Enlightened despotism

The method philosophes used to examine the cause and effect of relationships between people and government

Scientific Method

A philosophe who argued that man is born free yet everywhere he is in chains

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The idea that men are born with a blank slate and fill it with experience and learning — explained in the essay Emile

Tabula Rasa

Edited the Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, one of the great achievements of the period

Denis Diderot

The belief that truth can be arrived at solely by reason, or rational, logical thinking

Rationalism

Profoundly effected the separation between the New and Old Lights

Gilbert Tenant

Believed that the English nation was the only one on earth that had succeeded in controlling the power of the monarch by resisting them

Voltaire

An Ivy League Universities established by New Light Presbyterians

Princeton

Most effective religious group at reaching out to the unchurched/common people in the Southern backcountry, especially in Piedmont

Evangelical Baptists

Great Awakening minister who "wept during the whole time of exercise," during a George Whitefield sermon

Jonathan Edwards

Four of today's universities that were founded in response to the Great Awakening revival movement

Dartmouth, Brown, Princeton, and Rutgers

Great Awakening minister who died of smallpox in 1759

Jonathan Edwards

Argued that the people enter in a covenant with the monarchy, retaining only the right to protect their own lives

Thomas Hobbes

Articulated the principles on which supporters of the Glorious Revolution acted

John Locke

The belief that the objects in nature behave in ways that can be understood and predicted

Natural Law

The philosophy that was at the core of the Enlightenment, one questioning the customs and morals of established institutions

Criticism

This essay envisioned a harmonious society capable of eliminating want and controlling evil

Social Contract

The greatest trait and contribution of Voltaire

His ability to challenge authority

The fighting parson who dropped his cloak following a sermon at his church in Virginia and joined the militia to fight in the American Revolution

Peter Muhlenberg

Celebrated the American revolutionary effort as "the cause of truth, against error and falsehood”

Abraham Keteltas

The most important "political parson" of the Revolutionary period

John Witherspoon

Represented NJ in the Continental Congress, signed the DOI, and was the president of Princeton

John Witherspoon

A prolific and popular hymn writer whose works include "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross" and "Joy to the World”

Isaac Watts

Challenged the idea that Christians were obliged to suffer under an oppressive ruler, asserting rather that resistance to a tyrant was a "glorious" Christian duty

Jonathan Mayhew

Used Watt hymnals as musket wadding at the Battle of Springfield

James Caldwell

The most important reforms made to the Church during the Great Awakening

It became more accessible because preachers would preach anywhere, not just in church, and people were no longer required to go to church

The Watts Hymnals were named after this person

Isaac Watts

Thomas Hobbes had such radical views on anarchy because he experienced this

English Civil War

In Thomas Hobbes’s philosophy, this was the only thing citizens did not give up to their ruler

The right to keep themselves safe

French Enlightenment thinkers who questioned everything

Philosophes

One of the greatest intellectual achievements of the time

The Encyclopedia by Denis Diderot

Summarizes everything about the Enlightenment

Dare to Know!

Said “dare to know”

Immanuel Kant

The “Father of Economics,” wrote The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

Treatise by Cesare Beccaria marked the high point of the Milan Enlightenment

On Crimes and Punishment