hbs final study guide

Lymph

Clear, watery liquid that is formed from interstitial fluid.

Lymph nodes

Structures that filter lymph and are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue.

Innate immunity

A type of immunity that works quickly, is non-specific, and is present at birth.

Acquired immunity

Immunity that works slowly, is specific, and is acquired over a lifetime.

Active immunity

Immunity acquired after infection and recovery, involving humoral and cell-mediated responses.

Passive immunity

Immunity acquired from another individual, such as antibodies transferred from mother to child.

Phagocytes

Cells that eat foreign invaders, including neutrophils and macrophages.

Macrophages

Type of phagocyte with cytoplasmic extensions that ingest pathogens.

Gastric juice

Digestive fluid from the stomach that contains enzymes for killing pathogens.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Measure of how well kidneys filter blood, normal rate is 125 mL per minute.

Filtration

Process occurring in the glomerulus/Bowman's capsule where blood is filtered.

Reabsorption

Process primarily in the proximal tubule where substances move from nephron back into blood.

Secretion

Process primarily in the distal tubule where substances move from blood into the nephron for excretion.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Condition where fluid-filled cysts grow in the kidneys leading to kidney failure.

Colonoscopy

A procedure that allows a doctor to look inside the large intestines.

Upper endoscopy

A procedure to look inside the upper digestive tract using an endoscope.

Carbohydrates

Macromolecules made of monosaccharides; provide and store energy.

Proteins

Macromolecules made of amino acids; essential for cellular reactions and structure.

Lipids

Macromolecules made of glycerol and fatty acids; store energy and construct membranes.

Nucleic acids

Macromolecules made of nucleotides; store and transmit genetic information.

Dysbiosis

Microbial imbalance in the gut.

Taste buds

Sensory structures on the tongue responsible for taste perception.

Gastric pits

Indentations in the stomach wall that facilitate the secretion of digestive juices.

Enterocytes

Cells lining the small intestine responsible for nutrient absorption.

Islet of Langerhans

Hormone-producing clusters in the pancreas that regulate blood glucose levels.

Portal vein

Blood vessel that carries blood from digestive organs to the liver.

Mucosa

Innermost lining of an organ, such as the colon, made of epithelial cells.