Final Exam Physiology (Ch 17-20)
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273 Terms
What does 'renal' refer to?
Pertaining to the kidneys.
What is the main function of the renal system?
Regulation of extracellular fluid (ECF) environment in the human body through urine formation.
What products of metabolism does the renal system eliminate?
Urea, uric acid, creatine, and end products of hemoglobin breakdown.
How does the renal system regulate electrolyte balance?
By balancing electrolytes such as Na+, K+, and HCO3-.
What are the structures involved in the renal system?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
What is the role of the kidneys?
Formation of urine, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, and secretion of toxins and drugs.
What is the function of the ureters?
Transfer of urine to the bladder.
What is the role of the urinary bladder?
Storage of urine and micturition (urination) via the urethra.
What is micturition?
It is the process of urine expulsion from the bladder.
What hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
What is the nephron?
The functional unit of the kidneys, consisting of a renal corpuscle and tubule.
How much filtrate is produced daily by the glomerulus?
Around 180 liters per day.
What is reabsorption in the renal system?
The movement of materials from the tubules back into the peritubular capillaries.
What occurs during the process of glomerular filtration?
Fluid filters through large pores in glomerular capillaries, forming a cell-free filtrate.
What is countercurrent multiplier system?
A system that creates a high osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid allowing water to be reabsorbed.
What role do osmoreceptors play in renal physiology?
They sense changes in plasma osmolarity and regulate ADH secretion for water balance.
What is renal plasma clearance?
The volume of plasma cleared of a substance by the kidneys in a unit of time.
What stimulates the secretion of aldosterone?
Decreased plasma Na+ concentration.
What is the significance of bicarbonate in acid-base balance in the kidneys?
Kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate to help regulate blood pH.
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
What does the ovarian cycle involve?
Development of ovarian follicles and ovulation.
What is the likely site of fertilization?
Oviducts (fallopian tubes).
What hormonal changes lead to ovulation?
An LH surge caused by increased estrogen secretion from the growing follicles.
What is the function of the placenta?
To allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between mother and fetus.
What triggers labor?
Powerful uterine contractions stimulated by oxytocin and prostaglandins.
What is lactation?
Production and secretion of milk after childbirth.
What hormones are involved in milk production?
Prolactin and oxytocin.
What does 'renal' refer to?
Pertaining to the kidneys.
What is the main function of the renal system?
Regulation of extracellular fluid (ECF) environment in the human body through urine formation.
What products of metabolism does the renal system eliminate?
Urea, uric acid, creatine, and end products of hemoglobin breakdown.
How does the renal system regulate electrolyte balance?
By balancing electrolytes such as Na+, K+, and HCO3-.
What are the structures involved in the renal system?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
What is the role of the kidneys?
Formation of urine, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, and secretion of toxins and drugs.
What is the function of the ureters?
Transfer of urine to the bladder.
What is the role of the urinary bladder?
Storage of urine and micturition (urination) via the urethra.
What is micturition?
It is the process of urine expulsion from the bladder.
What hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
What is the nephron?
The functional unit of the kidneys, consisting of a renal corpuscle and tubule.
How much filtrate is produced daily by the glomerulus?
Around 180 liters per day.
What is reabsorption in the renal system?
The movement of materials from the tubules back into the peritubular capillaries.
What occurs during the process of glomerular filtration?
Fluid filters through large pores in glomerular capillaries, forming a cell-free filtrate.
What is countercurrent multiplier system?
A system that creates a high osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid allowing water to be reabsorbed.
What role do osmoreceptors play in renal physiology?
They sense changes in plasma osmolarity and regulate ADH secretion for water balance.
What is renal plasma clearance?
The volume of plasma cleared of a substance by the kidneys in a unit of time.
What stimulates the secretion of aldosterone?
Decreased plasma Na+ concentration.
What is the significance of bicarbonate in acid-base balance in the kidneys?
Kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate to help regulate blood pH.
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
What does the ovarian cycle involve?
Development of ovarian follicles and ovulation.
What is the likely site of fertilization?
Oviducts (fallopian tubes).
What hormonal changes lead to ovulation?
An LH surge caused by increased estrogen secretion from the growing follicles.
What is the function of the placenta?
To allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between mother and fetus.
What triggers labor?
Powerful uterine contractions stimulated by oxytocin and prostaglandins.
What is lactation?
Production and secretion of milk after childbirth.
What hormones are involved in milk production?
Prolactin and oxytocin.
Which hormone is produced by the kidneys?
Erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production.
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
The rate at which the kidneys filter blood, measured by creatinine levels.
What is the loop of Henle?
The portion of the nephron responsible for concentrating urine.
What happens in the distal tubule?
Reabsorption of water and electrolytes regulated by hormones.
What is the role of the collecting ducts?
Storage and concentration of urine.
What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A decrease in kidney function over time.
What is acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Sudden loss of kidney function.
What is pyelonephritis?
Inflammation of the kidney, often due to bacterial infection.
What are kidney stones?
Stones formed in the kidneys from mineral and salt deposits.
What is hematuria?
Blood in the urine.
What is proteinuria?
Protein in the urine.
What is nocturia?
Frequent urination, especially at night.
What is dysuria?
Painful urination.
What is urinary incontinence?
Involuntary leakage of urine.
What are estrogens?
The primary female sex hormones.
What is progesterone?
A primary female sex hormone responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
What is menstruation?
The process of shedding the uterine lining.
What is menopause?
The cessation of menstruation, typically occurring in the late 40s or early 50s.
What is the urethra?
The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
What is the urethral meatus?
The external opening of the urethra.
The hormone that stimulates uterine
What is the main energy source for the body during the absorptive state?
Glucose
The breakdown of glycogen into glucose is called:
Glycogenolysis
Which hormone increases during the postabsorptive state?
Glucagon
What stimulates the process of lipogenesis in the absorptive state?
Insulin
Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin?
Beta cells
Amino acids absorbed during the absorptive state are used primarily for:
Protein synthesis
In prolonged fasting, the liver produces ketone bodies in a process called:
Ketogenesis
Which process involves the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?
Gluconeogenesis
What is the function of leptin?
Decreases appetite
Chylomicrons primarily transport:
Triglycerides
Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance?
Type 2
A person with untreated type 1 diabetes is at risk for:
Ketoacidosis
What happens to insulin levels during fasting?
Decrease
During the postabsorptive state, which of the following is NOT used as an energy source?
Glycogen
Which molecule is NOT a product of glucose catabolism?
Ketone bodies
What is the normal fasting blood glucose range?
65–105 mg/dL
What triggers the absorptive state?
Nutrient absorption after a meal
Which hormone promotes glucose uptake into cells?
Insulin
Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the:
Liver and kidneys
Which of the following occurs in the absorptive state?
Glycogenesis
LDL is often referred to as:
Bad cholesterol
The role of HDLs is to:
Return excess cholesterol to the liver
Which of the following conditions is caused by elevated ketone body concentration?
Ketoacidosis
Leptin is released from:
Adipose tissue
Insulin promotes which process in adipose tissue?
Lipogenesis