________ defines the existence of 16 underlying source traits (or dimensions) that are central to personality.
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Abraham Maslow
________ found that self- actualizers share characteristics that range from efficient perceptions of reality to frequent peak experiences.
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Incongruence
________: A state that exists when there is a discrepancy between ones experiences and self- image or between ones self- image and ideal self.
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Imitation
________: An attempt to match ones own behavior to another persons behavior.
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Behavioral assessment
________: Recording the frequency of various behaviors.
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Subjective experience
________: Reality as it is perceived and interpreted, not as it exists objectively.
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Habits
________ express the combined effects of drive, cue, responses, and rewards.
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Possible selves
________: A collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person that one could become.
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cognitive process
Social learning theory: A theory that combines learning principles with ________, socialization, and modeling, to explain behavior, including personality.
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Libido
________: In Freudian theory, the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energizes the personality.
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Temperament
________: General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth.
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Identification
________: Feeling emotionally connected to a person and seeing oneself as like him or her.
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Validity
________: Degree to which a test measures the trait that it was designed to do.
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Individual differences
________: Study of the variation that exists between people.
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Reality principle
________: Delaying action (or pleasure) until it is appropriate.
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Big Five
________ personality traits: Theory that only a handful of characteristics account for most individual differences in personality.
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halo effect
The ________ may also reduce the accuracy of an interview.
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preconscious
The personality operates on three levels: the conscious, ________, and unconscious.
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Carl Jung
Collective unconscious: According to ________, a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans.
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Situational determinants
________: External conditions that strongly influence behavior.
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Norm
________: Standard used to compare an individuals performance on a test with that of others.
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Source traits
________ are measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF)
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Ego
________: According to Freud, the decision- making part of personality that operates on the reality principle.
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Persona
________: The "mask "or public self presented to others.
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Expectancy
________: Anticipation about the effect that a response will have, especially regarding reinforcement.
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Behavioral genetics
________ and studies of identical twins suggest that both heredity and environment contribute significantly to adult personality traits.
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Superego
________: According to Freud, the part of personality that represents moral conscience.
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Archetype
________: According to Carl Jung, a universal idea, image, or pattern found in the collective unconscious.
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Erogenous zone
________: Any body area that produces pleasurable sensations.
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Personality
________: A persons unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions, and behaviors.
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Reliability
________: Stability of test scores over time.
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Carl Rogers
________ viewed the self as an entity that emerges from personal experience.
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Unconscious
________: Contents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires.
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Gender roles
________: Pattern of behaviors regarded as "male "or "female "within a culture.
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Behavior
________ is influenced by self- concept, which is a perception of ones own personality traits.
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Direct observation
________, sometimes involving situational tests, behavioral assessment, or the use of rating scales, allows evaluation of a persons actual behavior.
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Self efficacy
________: Belief in your capacity to produce a desired results.
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Psyche
________: The mind, mental life, and personality as a whole.
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Subclinical
________ (traits): Qualities of individuals that are not extreme enough to merit a psychiatric diagnosis.
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Personality trait
________: Stable quality that a person shows in most situations.
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Psychosexual stages
________: How Freud classifies a period of development.
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Julian Rotters
Social learning theory is exemplified by ________ concepts of the physiological situation, expectancies, and reinforcement value.
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Interview
________ (personality): A face- to- fact meeting held for the purpose of gaining information about an individuals personal history, personality traits, current psychological state, and so forth.
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Eros
________: Freuds name for the "life instincts ..
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Situational test
________: Stimulating real- life conditions so that a persons reactions may be directly observed.
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cognitive elements
Social learning theory adds ________, such as perception, thinking, and understanding to the behavioral view of personality.
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Thanatos
________: The death instinct postulated by Freud.
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Humanism
________: An approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals.
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Id
________: Component of Freuds Personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth.
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Sigmund Freuds
Like other psychodynamic approaches, ________ psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts within the personality.
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Personality
A persons unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions, and behaviors
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Temperament
General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth
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Self-concept
The perception of concepts of ones own personality traits
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Self-esteem
Regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself
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Personality theory
A system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality
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Psychoanalytic theory
Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts
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Dynamic system directed by three mental structures
the id, the ego, and the superego
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Id
Component of Freuds Personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth
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Pleasure principle
According to Freud, the ids drive to avoid pain and seek what feels good
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Psyche
The mind, mental life, and personality as a whole
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Libido
In Freudian theory, the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energizes the personality
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Eros
Freuds name for the "life instincts."
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Thanatos
The death instinct postulated by Freud
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Ego
According to Freud, the decision-making part of personality that operates on the reality principle
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Reality principle
Delaying action (or pleasure) until it is appropriate
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Superego
According to Freud, the part of personality that represents moral conscience
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Unconscious
Contents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires
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Conscious
The region of the mind that includes all mental contents that a person is aware of at any given moment
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Preconscious
An area of the mind containing information that can be voluntarily brought to awareness
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Psychosexual stages
How Freud classifies a period of development
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Erogenous zone
Any body area that produces pleasurable sensations
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Fixation
A lasting conflict developed as a result of frustration or overindulgence
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Striving for superiority
According to Alfred Adler, this basic drive propels us toward perfection
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Inferiority Complex
Arises when feelings of inferiority become overwhelming; negative pattern characterized by a chronic lack if self-wroth along with self-doubt
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Basic anxiety
A primary form of anxiety that arises from living in a hostile world
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Persona
The "mask" or public self presented to others
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Personal unconscious
A mental storehouse for an individuals unconscious thoughts
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Collective unconscious
According to Carl Jung, a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans
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Archetype
According to Carl Jung, a universal idea, image, or pattern found in the collective unconscious
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Behavioral personality theory
Any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior
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Habit
A deeply ingrained, learned pattern of behavior
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Situational determinants
External conditions that strongly influence behavior
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Social learning theory
A theory that combines learning principles with cognitive process, socialization, and modeling, to explain behavior, including personality
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Psychological situation
A situation as it is perceived and interpreted by an individual, not as it is exists objectively
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Expectancy
Anticipation about the effect that a response will have, especially regarding reinforcement
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Self-efficacy
Belief in your capacity to produce a desired results
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Reinforcement value
The subjective value that a person attaches to a particular activity or reinforcer
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Self-reinforcement
Praising or rewarding oneself for having made a particular response (such as completing a school assignment)
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Social reinforcement
Praise, attention, approval, and/or affection from others
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Gender roles
Pattern of behaviors regarded as "male" or "female" within a culture
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Identification
Feeling emotionally connected to a person and seeing oneself as like him or her
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Imitation
An attempt to match ones own behavior to another persons behavior
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Humanism
An approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals
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Free will
The ability to freely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
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Human nature
Those traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior patterns most characteristic of the human species
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Subjective experience
Reality as it is perceived and interpreted, not as it exists objectively
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Self-actualization
The process of fully developing personal potentials
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Fully functioning person
A person living in harmony with her or his deepest feeling, impulses, and intuitions
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Self
A continuously evolving conception of ones personal identity
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Self-image
Total subjective perception of ones body and personality (another term for self-concept)
Studied by 3 people
Note 
Flashcard (32)