Studied by 3 peopleCattells theory
________ defines the existence of 16 underlying source traits (or dimensions) that are central to personality.
Abraham Maslow
________ found that self- actualizers share characteristics that range from efficient perceptions of reality to frequent peak experiences.
Incongruence
________: A state that exists when there is a discrepancy between ones experiences and self- image or between ones self- image and ideal self.
Imitation
________: An attempt to match ones own behavior to another persons behavior.
Behavioral assessment
________: Recording the frequency of various behaviors.
Subjective experience
________: Reality as it is perceived and interpreted, not as it exists objectively.
Habits
________ express the combined effects of drive, cue, responses, and rewards.
Possible selves
________: A collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person that one could become.
cognitive process
Social learning theory: A theory that combines learning principles with ________, socialization, and modeling, to explain behavior, including personality.
Libido
________: In Freudian theory, the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energizes the personality.
Temperament
________: General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth.
Identification
________: Feeling emotionally connected to a person and seeing oneself as like him or her.
Validity
________: Degree to which a test measures the trait that it was designed to do.
Individual differences
________: Study of the variation that exists between people.
Reality principle
________: Delaying action (or pleasure) until it is appropriate.
Big Five
________ personality traits: Theory that only a handful of characteristics account for most individual differences in personality.
halo effect
The ________ may also reduce the accuracy of an interview.
preconscious
The personality operates on three levels: the conscious, ________, and unconscious.
Carl Jung
Collective unconscious: According to ________, a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans.
Situational determinants
________: External conditions that strongly influence behavior.
Norm
________: Standard used to compare an individuals performance on a test with that of others.
Source traits
________ are measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF)
Ego
________: According to Freud, the decision- making part of personality that operates on the reality principle.
Persona
________: The "mask "or public self presented to others.
Expectancy
________: Anticipation about the effect that a response will have, especially regarding reinforcement.
Behavioral genetics
________ and studies of identical twins suggest that both heredity and environment contribute significantly to adult personality traits.
Superego
________: According to Freud, the part of personality that represents moral conscience.
Archetype
________: According to Carl Jung, a universal idea, image, or pattern found in the collective unconscious.
Erogenous zone
________: Any body area that produces pleasurable sensations.
Personality
________: A persons unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions, and behaviors.
Reliability
________: Stability of test scores over time.
Carl Rogers
________ viewed the self as an entity that emerges from personal experience.
Unconscious
________: Contents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires.
Gender roles
________: Pattern of behaviors regarded as "male "or "female "within a culture.
Behavior
________ is influenced by self- concept, which is a perception of ones own personality traits.
Direct observation
________, sometimes involving situational tests, behavioral assessment, or the use of rating scales, allows evaluation of a persons actual behavior.
Self efficacy
________: Belief in your capacity to produce a desired results.
Psyche
________: The mind, mental life, and personality as a whole.
Subclinical
________ (traits): Qualities of individuals that are not extreme enough to merit a psychiatric diagnosis.
Personality trait
________: Stable quality that a person shows in most situations.
Psychosexual stages
________: How Freud classifies a period of development.
Julian Rotters
Social learning theory is exemplified by ________ concepts of the physiological situation, expectancies, and reinforcement value.
Interview
________ (personality): A face- to- fact meeting held for the purpose of gaining information about an individuals personal history, personality traits, current psychological state, and so forth.
Eros
________: Freuds name for the "life instincts ..
Situational test
________: Stimulating real- life conditions so that a persons reactions may be directly observed.
cognitive elements
Social learning theory adds ________, such as perception, thinking, and understanding to the behavioral view of personality.
Thanatos
________: The death instinct postulated by Freud.
Humanism
________: An approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals.
Id
________: Component of Freuds Personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth.
Sigmund Freuds
Like other psychodynamic approaches, ________ psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts within the personality.
Personality
A persons unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions, and behaviors
Temperament
General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth
Self-concept
The perception of concepts of ones own personality traits
Self-esteem
Regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself
Personality theory
A system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality
Psychoanalytic theory
Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts
Dynamic system directed by three mental structures
the id, the ego, and the superego
Id
Component of Freuds Personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth
Pleasure principle
According to Freud, the ids drive to avoid pain and seek what feels good
Psyche
The mind, mental life, and personality as a whole
Libido
In Freudian theory, the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energizes the personality
Eros
Freuds name for the "life instincts."
Thanatos
The death instinct postulated by Freud
Ego
According to Freud, the decision-making part of personality that operates on the reality principle
Reality principle
Delaying action (or pleasure) until it is appropriate
Superego
According to Freud, the part of personality that represents moral conscience
Unconscious
Contents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires
Conscious
The region of the mind that includes all mental contents that a person is aware of at any given moment
Preconscious
An area of the mind containing information that can be voluntarily brought to awareness
Psychosexual stages
How Freud classifies a period of development
Erogenous zone
Any body area that produces pleasurable sensations
Fixation
A lasting conflict developed as a result of frustration or overindulgence
Striving for superiority
According to Alfred Adler, this basic drive propels us toward perfection
Inferiority Complex
Arises when feelings of inferiority become overwhelming; negative pattern characterized by a chronic lack if self-wroth along with self-doubt
Basic anxiety
A primary form of anxiety that arises from living in a hostile world
Persona
The "mask" or public self presented to others
Personal unconscious
A mental storehouse for an individuals unconscious thoughts
Collective unconscious
According to Carl Jung, a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans
Archetype
According to Carl Jung, a universal idea, image, or pattern found in the collective unconscious
Behavioral personality theory
Any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior
Habit
A deeply ingrained, learned pattern of behavior
Situational determinants
External conditions that strongly influence behavior
Social learning theory
A theory that combines learning principles with cognitive process, socialization, and modeling, to explain behavior, including personality
Psychological situation
A situation as it is perceived and interpreted by an individual, not as it is exists objectively
Expectancy
Anticipation about the effect that a response will have, especially regarding reinforcement
Self-efficacy
Belief in your capacity to produce a desired results
Reinforcement value
The subjective value that a person attaches to a particular activity or reinforcer
Self-reinforcement
Praising or rewarding oneself for having made a particular response (such as completing a school assignment)
Social reinforcement
Praise, attention, approval, and/or affection from others
Gender roles
Pattern of behaviors regarded as "male" or "female" within a culture
Identification
Feeling emotionally connected to a person and seeing oneself as like him or her
Imitation
An attempt to match ones own behavior to another persons behavior
Humanism
An approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals
Free will
The ability to freely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
Human nature
Those traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior patterns most characteristic of the human species
Subjective experience
Reality as it is perceived and interpreted, not as it exists objectively
Self-actualization
The process of fully developing personal potentials
Fully functioning person
A person living in harmony with her or his deepest feeling, impulses, and intuitions
Self
A continuously evolving conception of ones personal identity
Self-image
Total subjective perception of ones body and personality (another term for self-concept)
Note
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