The United States Constitution - Principles of the Constitution (Video)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from Hillsdale College's The Principles of the Constitution lesson.

Articles of Confederation

A weak national charter that kept sovereignty with the states and lacked a strong central government (no strong executive, no power to enforce laws or levy taxes).

Republic

A form of government in which representatives are elected to govern on behalf of the people; contrasted with direct democracy.

Direct democracy

A system in which the people themselves vote on laws and policies rather than through elected representatives.

Separation of powers

Dividing government powers among separate branches (legislative, executive, judicial) to prevent concentration of power.

Checks and balances

A system where each branch can limit the actions of the others to prevent tyranny.

Federalism

Division of power between national and state governments, balancing national unity with state sovereignty.

Enumerated powers

Powers specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution.

Extended sphere

The idea that a larger national territory broadens representation and helps dilute faction influence.

Factions

Groups of citizens united by a common interest that may threaten the rights of others; a source of political risk.

Majority tyranny

The danger that the majority’s will can oppress minority rights; a problem the Constitution aims to guard against.

Federalism advantages

Benefits of dividing power to prevent national overreach, allow local experimentation, and respect regional differences.

Local, state, and federal governments

Different levels of government with distinct powers and responsibilities.

Rule of law

The principle that all people and government officials are bound by law, with equal application and accountability.

The Federalist Papers

A collection of essays (including Nos. 10 and 51) by Madison and Hamilton arguing for the Constitution and explaining its principles.

Shays’ Rebellion

1786–87 uprising that highlighted weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and underscored the need for reform.

The Framers

The founders who drafted the Constitution, notably James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, who argued for its structure and purpose.

Bicameral legislature

Two-house legislature established by the Constitution to refine and enlarge the will of the people.