development and learning part two: developmental psychology

so much more kill me (I did this to myself). for the unit three test, which is tomorrow morning. I still refuse to use kai or any ai component so I'm doing this by myself with my notes.

the scientific study of how and why people change over the course of their life

What is developmental psychology?

a question of how our genetic inheritance and life experiences combine to shape our development

What is the concept of Nature vs. Nurture?

Continuity and stages

what are two ways of thinking about how people grow and change over time?

The idea that we grow consitently and gradually over time

What is the idea of continuity in the context of developmental psychology?

The idea that development happens over distinct stages

What is the idea of stages in the context of developmental psychology?

studying the same group of people over a long period of time

What is longitudinal research?

studying different people in differing age groups at the same time

What is cross sectional research?

a theory that individuals progress through a series of stages categorized by their own specific conflict

What is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Trust vs. mistrust

What stage aof deelopment are people in from the age of 0-18 months old?

Can I trust my caregivers and the world?

What is the central conflict of the trust vs. mistrust stage?

The autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage

What stage are people in from the ages of 1-3 years old?

Can I be independent in tasks?

WHat is the central conflict in the autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage?

The initiative vs. guilt stage

What stage are people in from the ages of 3-6 years old?

Is it okay for me to take initiative?

What is the central conflict of the initiative vs. guilt stage?

The industry vs. inferiority stage

What stage are people in from the ages of 6-12 years old?

Can I be successful and competent?

What is the central conflict of the industry vs. inferiority stage?

The identity vs. role confusion stage

What stage are people in from the ages of 12-18 years old?

Who am I and where do I fit in?

What is the central conflict of the identity vs. role confusion stage?

The intimacy vs. isolation stage

What stage are people in from the ages of 18-40?

Can I form close relationships?

What is the central conflict of the intimacy vs. isolation stage?

the generativity vs. stagnation stage

What stage are people in from the ages of 40-65?

Can I contribute to the world?

What is the central conflict of the generativity vs. stagnation stage?

The integrity vs. despair stage

What stage are people in from the ages of 65 and up?

Did I live a meaningful life?

What is the central conflict of the integrity vs. despair stage?

the process of growth and development within the womb

What is prenatal development?

harmful substances that can cause developmental abnormalities or birth defects

What are teratogens?

automatic instinctual responses

What are reflexes?

the tendency of infants to automatically try to put things on their face in their mouth to get food

What is the rooting reflex?

Biological growth process that lends to orderly changes in behavior and body following an internal genetic blueprint

What is maturation?

key skills or behaviors that most children should achieve at specific ages

What are developmental milestones?

A critical time in early development when the brain is especially receptive to learning new skills

What is the sensitive period?

The ability to control small muscle movements with precision

What is fine motor coordination?

the ability to control large muscle movements

What is gross motor coordination?

and experiment set up to study depth perception and the reception of caregiver response

What is the visual cliff?

A period of physical and hormonal changes that lead to sexual maturity

What is puberty?

The process by which children learn and adopt behaviors and interests considered appropriate for their gender according to cultural norms

What is gender typing?

the idea that a child’s development is shaped by different layers of their environment

What is the ecological systems theory?

interactions with friends, family, and school

What does a child’s microsystem involve?

how people around them interact with each other

What does a child’s mesosystem involve?

their broader local community

What does a child’s exosystem involve?

cultural and societal influences

What does a child’s macrosystem involve?

major life transitions and historical events

What does a child’s chronosystem involve?

Authoritarian parenting

What parenting style is characterized by a low responsiveness and high expectations?

Permissive parenting

What parenting style is characterized by high responsiveness and low expectations?

Authoritative parenting

Which parenting style is characterized by high expectations and high responsiveness?

the innate traits that influence how children emotionally respond to their environment

What is a child’s temperament?

A rapid, instinctive form of learning in which certain animals form strong attachments to the first moving object they see after birth

YOU IMPRINTED ON MY DAUGHTER????

Other than the reason you’re so touch starved, it’s the sense of security and emotional relief derived from physical touch

What is contact comfort?

a distress response experienced by young children when separated from their primary caregiver

What is separation anxiety?

How children form emotional bonds with caregivers, influence later relationships

What are attachment styles?

When children feel confident and trust that their caregiver will meet their needs, show signs of distress when their caregiver leaves but calms down once they return

What is secure attachment?

When children avoid seeking comfort from their caregiver and show no signs of distress when they leave

What is avoidant attachment?

When children are overly anxious about separation from their caregivers, show distress when they leave but act angry once they return

What is anxious attachment?

When a child has inconsitent or confused behaviors/reactions towards the caregiver

What is disorganized attachment?

an adverse childhood experience; potentially traumatic events, such as neglect, abuse, or dysfunction that occur before the age of 18

What is an ACE?

a cultural timeline that sets expected ages for key life events

What is a social clock?

the transitional life stage that takes place between your late teens and early twenties

What is emerging adulthood?

A stage in teenage development marked by an increased level of self-focus

What is adolescent egocentrism?

A phenomenon wher individuals believe that others are constantly watching and judging their every move

What is the imaginary audience?

an adolescent belief that one’s experiences are unique and special

What is the personal fable?

the various versions of who individuals might become in the future

What are possible selves?

An individual’s sense of who they are based on their membership to certain social groups

What is social identity?

an identity status without commitment or exploration

What is identity diffusion?

An identity status with commitment but no exploration

What is identity foreclosure?

An identity status with exploration but no commitment

What is identity moratorium?

An identity status with commitment achieved after exploration

What is identity achievement?

developmental psychologist, studied the developing minds of children

Who was Jean Piaget?

the sensorimotor stage

What cognitive stage are children in from the ages of 0-2?

Infants learn about the world through sensory experiences and motor actions; they live in the present and begin developing object permanence

What happens during the sensorimotor stage?

the understanding that objects still exists when they are not being percieved

what is object permanence?

the preoperational stage

what cognitive stage are children in from the ages of 2-7?

Children develop language, symbolic thinking, and imagination

What happens during the preoperational stage?

the early childhood tendency to attribute lifelike qualities to inanimate objets

what is animism?

when children struggle to see things from another person’s point of view

What is egocentrism?

the ability to understand that other people have thoughs, feelings, and perspectives different than one’s own

What is the theory of mind?

the concrete operational stage

What cognitive stage are children in from the ages of 7-11?

children develop logical thinking about concrete things

What happens during the concrete operational stage?

the understanding that volume and mass stay consistent despite changing form

What is conservation?

The ability to mentally reverse an action

What is reversibility?

The formal operational stage?

What cognitive stage are children in from the ages of 12 and up?

Individuals develop the ability to think abstractly, solve hypothetical problems, and use deductive reasoning

What happens during the formal operational stage?

a developmental psychologist known for his theory that social interaction plays a critical role in cognitive development

Who was Lev Vygotsky?

a teaching method where a knowledgable person provides support and slowly decreases it until the student reaches proficiency

What is scaffolding?

the range between what a person an easily do and what they cannot do at all, somehting they can do with support

What is the zone of proximal development?

the smallest distinct units of sound in a language

What are phonemes?

the smallest distinct units of meaning in a language

What are morphemes?

an early stage in language development wher infants produce soft vowel sounds

What is cooing?

a phase in language development where infants produce repetitve consonant-vowel combinations trying to imitate speech

What is the babbling stage?

phase in language development where children use single words to represent ideas

What is the one-word stage?

a phase in language development where children start combining two words to create simple sentences

What is the two-word stage?

a common area in language development where children apply grammar rules too broadly

What is overgeneralization?

hand/arm movements used to communicate meaning without speaking

What are nonverbal manual gestures?