Peace and Conflicts!!

0.0(0)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/67

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

IB SL Global Politics - Peace & Conflict

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

68 Terms

1
New cards

Negative Peace

Absence of war/violent conflict

BUT there is still tension (structural or cultural or both)

2
New cards

Positive Peace

Absence of war/violent conflict

Tensions/contradictions are resolved

3
New cards

Stage 1 of Peace

Absence of war

negative peace

4
New cards

Stage 2 of Peace

Balance of forces

Prevents war through stability

Note: Hegemonic stability theory → single dominant power creates stability

5
New cards

Stage 3 of Peace

No structural violence (positive peace)

6
New cards

Stage 4 of Peace

Feminist peace (removal of discrimination)

7
New cards

Stage 5 of Peace

Humans living sustainably and harmoniously with environment

8
New cards

Stage 6 of Peace

Individual

Spiritual/religious

9
New cards

What is violence?

a manifestation of conflict due to incompatible goals. Thus resulting in harm to one or more of the parties involved

10
New cards

Misconceptions of conflict

  1. caused by single factors

  2. conflict parties are unitary actors

  3. it’s always visible

  4. always undesirable

  5. needs to be settled

  6. requires a third-party intervention

11
New cards

Realist focus on conflict

only focus on “state”/inter-state conflict & alliences

12
New cards

Liberal focus on conflict

increase in NSAs (non-state actors) means that it’s no longer just about “states”

13
New cards

Typology 1: COW

Correlates of War (Project of the University of Michigan)

  • inter-state conflict

  • extra-state conflict

  • internationalized internal conflict

  • intra-state conflict

  • NSA conflict

14
New cards

Inter-state conflict

between states/governmental parties

15
New cards

Extra-state conflict

between state and a non-state group outside its territory

(usually colonial/imperial wars)

after de-colonisation is uncommon

16
New cards

Internationalized internal conflict

between the govt. of a state and internal opposition WITH international intervention from other states

17
New cards

Intra-state (internal) conflict

beweetn govt. of a state and internal opposition WITHOUT intervention from other states

18
New cards

Non state conflicts

the groups involved are not under the govt./state

19
New cards

Typology 2: Fr Christopher Moore (MOORE)

  • relationship

  • data

  • interest

  • structural

  • value

20
New cards

Relationship conflict

when parties are upset with e/o

one party has a negative stereotype of the other

poor communication damaging relations

21
New cards

Data conflict

inadequate/untrustworthy data

when parties distort/hide/downplay/exaggerate information

22
New cards

Interest conflicts

real/perceived competitive interests

  • over land/resources/markets/influence

23
New cards

Structural conflict

structural violence

tension between those trying to solve issues & those resisting

24
New cards

Value conflicts

similar to structural conflicts

different criteria used to evaluate ideas/behaviours

focused on ideology/religion/culture

25
New cards

Why is conflict good/needed?

inevitable of human social interations (can’t always agree w e/o)

natural/constructive for human interaction

is important for a functioning democracy - political parties alw argue about how to govern a state

it’s only bad if it results in violence

26
New cards

Types of violence

Direct

structural

cultural

27
New cards

Direct violence

Physical force that leads to harm (lethal/non-lethal)

most visible

eg. armed conflict, terrorist attacks, riot police dispersing protesters

28
New cards

Structural violence

responsibility of the govt.

social injustice & inequality

people are harmed bc of the social/political/legal structures created within the state

results in - lack of healthcare, housing, employment opportunities etc.

less noticable

29
New cards

Cultural violence

embedded in all levels of society

beliefs & values

committed anywhere

driven in the mindset, so hard to remove

30
New cards

Just war theory

when should war be allowed and how to conduct it. (usually abt inter-state)

31
New cards

Just cause in war

should be fought for moral purposes

32
New cards

Just manner of conduct in war

the war itself should be fought justly

(no POWs, avoid civilian casualties, violence shld be proportional)

33
New cards

Jus ad bello

having just cause

being a last resort

being declared by a proper authority

possessing right intention

having a reasonable chance of success

the end being proportional to the means used.

34
New cards

Jus in bello

the law that governs the way in which warfare is conducted

35
New cards

Jus post bello

deals with the morality of the termination phase of war, including the responsibility to rebuild.

36
New cards

Humanitarian intervention

3rd party using military force to intervene in an armed conflict to protect civilians and stop violatins of human rights (ie. war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity)

Has implications to sovereignty

37
New cards

Manifestation of conflict

direct violence

direct, can be seen, visible

38
New cards

Latent conflicts

Cultural & structural

indirect, usually not visible

39
New cards

What does Galtung say about conflict?

due to incompatible goals

40
New cards

What does Gerstandt say about conflict?

referring to latent conflicts which leads to “tension of difference”

41
New cards

Most conflicts begin before they manifest

observable actions taken by conflict parties are the manifestations of the underlying conflicts (structural/cultural)

42
New cards

Examples of Conflict manifestations

  • resolutions

  • avoidance

  • activism

  • discrimination

  • demonstration

  • civil disobedience

  • violent protests

  • arms proliferation

  • nuclear deterrence

  • guerilla warfare

  • terrorism

  • genocide

  • intrastate war

  • interstate war

43
New cards

Conflict party

any actor directly/indirectly involved in a conflict is a conflict party

  • state actors

  • non-state actors

  • transnational actors

  • IGOs/NGOs

  • militias/freedom fighters/terrorists

  • protesters/activists

  • individuals

44
New cards

social identity theory

Derives esteem from a group that they positively identify with, therefore they favor it. However, they view the opposition negatively even if their situations are similar

45
New cards

In-groups/out-groups

we judge people similar to us (in-group) better than people different to us (out-group)

46
New cards

Dehumanisation

However, due to in/out group mindsets, we tend to normalize or even glamorize harming the out-groups, even if we won’t be happy with the same harm done to us.

we think it’s okay to dehumanize them just because they are not like us

47
New cards

Unitary actor

treats state as a single entity with the aim to max national interest

48
New cards

Rational actor

decisions are made due to calculated benefits

49
New cards

Galtung’s conflict triangle

knowt flashcard image
50
New cards

Greed

“how do I benefit?”

people fight over opportunistic reasons, cost-benefit calculations, alternative income etc.

51
New cards

Grievance

“how have they wronged me?”

people fight over inequality, discrimination, authro

52
New cards

Peacekeeping

3rd party breaking up the conflict parties and separating them

53
New cards

Peacemaking

coming up with a solution to solve the conflict

54
New cards

Peacebuilding

3rd party monitoring the conflict parties to make sure that they follow through with the negotiation/peace settlement

55
New cards

Ways that 3rd parties intervene

  • humanitarian intervention

  • direct military assistance

  • financial/economic assistance

  • weapon sales/embargos

  • trade sanctions/freezes/embargoes

  • treaty organisation (eg. NATO) involvement

  • election observation

  • brokering (mediator)/negotation of peace treaties or ceasefires

  • multilateral (more than the conflict parties involved) agreements

56
New cards

6 fold typology (before conflict climax)

  1. conciliation

  2. consultation

  3. pure mediation

  4. power mediation

  5. arbitration

  6. peacekeeping

57
New cards

6 fold typology: conciliation

trusted 3rd party gets the conflict parties to negotiate the problem

58
New cards

6 fold typology: consultation

3rd party brings out the expertise and tries to find a problem to the solution

59
New cards

6 fold typology: pure mediation

using persuasion/reasoning/etc. to convince both parties to settle on a negotiated settlement

60
New cards

6 fold typology: power mediation

uses coercion (not actual force, more like promised rewards or punishment)

may involve a third party to monitor agreement

61
New cards

6 fold typology: arbitration

3rd parties gives a binding judgement to impose a settlement that is fair and just

62
New cards

6 fold typology: peacekeeping

3rd party provides military personnel to monitor a ceasefire/agreement

might also engage in humanitarian activities/assist the management of political decision-making processes (ie. elections)

63
New cards

Contingency approach

conflicts are a mixture of objective and subjective interest

when conflict escalates, usually subjective interest increases, later resulting in both parties seeing different realities

64
New cards

Conflict escalation

  1. discussion

  2. polarisation

  3. segregation

  4. destruction

65
New cards

Conflict escalation: discussion

parties maintain a respectful relationship & are both wanting to find a joint gain on objective interests

66
New cards

Conflict escalation: polarisation

relationship deteriorate and negative perceptions (stereotypes) and emotions (hostitility) emerge

67
New cards

Conflict escalation: segregation

subjective interests increases, high levels of mistrust, limited direct communication, threats, increased “good vs evil”

68
New cards

Conflict escalation: destruction

conflict parties sees e/o as subhuman

if the losing end feels hopeless, they resort to just settle for losing