Latin america flashcards

Iberian Peninsula

A European region split by the countries of Spain and Portugal.

Enslaved/enslavers

People who are enslaved, primarily African slaves, and their owners.

Chattel slavery

A form of slavery where people are treated as property and worked on plantations.

Debt peonage

A form of slavery where individuals work to pay off debts, significant during the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

Guilds

Classes or government systems in Latin America that regulated economy and social structure.

Atlantic slave trade

Trade routes between Europe and the Americas for enslaved individuals, shaping cultures in the Americas.

Marron communities

Runaway slaves in the Americas that mixed with indigenous groups, creating new races.

Fall of Constantinople

The fall in 1453 that made Black Sea slaves inaccessible, leading to chattel slavery.

Peninsulares

People sent from Europe to rule in the Americas, holding power for the crown.

Royal Council of Indies

A court established in 1524 that acted as royal authority in the Americas.

Mercantilism

A closed-loop economic system where colonies provided goods to the mother countries.

Viceroyalty

A royal authority in the Americas appointed by the king; there were four viceroyalties.

Audiencia

A regional court established in 1524 to administer royal justice in the Americas.

Alcalde mayor

A local royal authority with law enforcement in smaller units.

Caciques

Local authorities in indigenous republics with law enforcement and local rulers.

Republic of the Indians

The pre-Columbian hierarchies with self-rule, exempt from military service.

Republic of Spaniards

Large landowners born in the Americas, considered lesser than peninsulares.

Creoles

Individuals of mixed European and Black descent.

Mita-Andes labor system

A labor system used by the Inca rulers as state labor.

Encomienda system

A labor system from the Reconquista, dividing land owned by the king.

Repartimiento

A colonial labor system forcing indigenous people to work for the Spanish crown.

Hacienda

Large plantation-like systems in the countryside, reminiscent of Roman latifundia.

Privateers

Pirates who played significant roles in the Spanish American wars of independence.

Sir Francis Drake

An English privateer known for capturing Spanish ships in the Caribbean.

Treaty of Madrid

The 1660 treaty that ended the corsair era and stopped privateering.

Treaty of Ryswick

The 1697 treaty that also ended the corsair era and stopped privateering.

Spanish Armada

A fleet aimed to invade England in 1588 with 19,000 soldiers and 141 ships.

Franciscan monks

Members of the Roman Catholic order focused on the nature of God.

Spanish Inquisition

A persecutory rule torturing people who did not follow Catholic doctrine.

Royal Patronage

A system controlling the Catholic Church in Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

Millenarian ideals

Beliefs that we are living in end times and Christ will soon return.