Latin america flashcards

Iberian peninsula- A European region of land. Split by two different countries of Spain and Portugal.

Enslaved/enslavers-People who are enslaved. They are important because they were the workforce for the agriculture and trade. Mostly African slaves. enslavers are the ones owning the enslaved.

Chattel slavery- Slavery is which the people are treating at cattle and animals. They moved in large groups and worked on Latin American plantations. Specifically sugar plantations.

Debt peonage- form of slavery that people have to pay their dues with. Important because this was used during the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

Guilds- A form of classes or government system in Latin America. They played a crucial role in regulating the economy, social structure.

Atlantic slave trade- Trade routes that went across from European countries to the Americas over the Atlantic. These slaves were traded and enslaved to work for the European countries. This shaped the Americas by allowing slavery to have an important role and mixed cultures.

Marron communities- Runaway slaves that were enslaved in the Americas. They would mix with the indigenous groups. They are important because they created new and different races when they would into marry and created new kingdoms.

Fall of Constantinople- the fall occurred in 1953. The slaves of the black sea weren’t accessible now. Its significant because it created chattel slavery.

Peninsulares- People sent in Europe to rule in the Americas. All the power goes to the crown and the cities would ruling areas. Cities is where the Spanish live and the indigenous were in the countryside.

Royal council of indies- Was a court like the supreme court and considered royal authority. Created in 1524. Daily decisions and house of trade.

Mercantilism- A closed loop economic system. Goods harvested by the new colonies and sent ot the mother countries. This is important because labor system shaped the Americas.

Viceroyalty- Is a royal authority. These viceroyalties were appointed by the king and were peninsulares. Important because there were 4 viceroyalites in the Americas. New Granada,rio de la plata, new spain, peru.

Audiencia- A royal authority in the Americas. Court to administer royal justice.  It was established in 1524. They were regional branches. They had permanent and traveling ones.

Alcalde mayor- A royal authority that was for smaller units. Had a local government and law enforcement with local sheriffs.

Caciques- A form of local authority. Was the republic of the indigenous. Had law enforcement and local rulers.  

Republic of the Indians- Pre Columbia hierarchies. They had self-rule and regulation. No military service and no crossover in rep of Spain.

Republic of Spaniards- They were large landowners and majority of them were peninsulares. They are seen as lesser since they are born in the Americas.  Ended in he bourbon reforms of 1700.

Creoles- a person that is mixed with European and black decent.

Mita-andes labor system- Was a labor system used by the inca rulers. It was state labor. A form of public service.

Encomienda system- Labor system that Started In the Reconquista and continued in the new world. It was created in 1542 but was gone by the 1600s.King owns all the land and divides it up.

Repartimiento- a colonial labor system in Spanish America that forced indigenous people to work for the Spanish crown. It help build the Spanish and provide food and resources.

Hacienda- Labor system that were large plantations like systems. They were located in the country side. Came from the roman latifundia.

Privateeers- played a significant role in the Spanish American wars of independence, where they were used to destroy Spanish trade and capture Spanish ships. 3 spots where they took over where the canaries, azores and gilbilrtar.

Sir Francis Drake- An English privateer. Was privateer in the Caribbean area and gave Spanish problems. Took 4 ships from Panama.

Treaty of Madrid- took place in 1660. It ended the corsair era and stopped privateering.

Treay of Ryswick- took place in 1697.  It ended the corsair era and stopped privateering

Spanish Armada- fleet by the Spanish to invade England in 1588. Battle In the English channel. The armada had 19,000 soldiers and 141 ships.

Franciscan monks- Apart of the roman catholic order.  Ruler was saint francis. They focused on the nature of god.

Spanish inquisition- Spanish rule that persecuted people who did not follow catholic rule. They would torture people who did not follow. They would also get informers and then torture and lead to confession.

Royal Patronage-  a system used by the Spanish and Portuguese crowns to control the Catholic Church in their Latin American and Asian colonies. Would appoint bishops and transport missionaries.

Millenafian ideals- is the belief that we are living in the end days. Christ will come back soon.