PSY230_Study Guide_Exam 1 (Modules 1-4) 6e

Contexts of development

Various societal factors that impact lifespan development, such as working age, marriage age, and general lifespan.

Conceptions of childhood, adolescence, and late adulthood

Changes in societal views and expectations of these life stages over the 20th century.

Major changes contributing to longer lifespan

Medical advances, such as vaccines, antibiotics, and pasteurized milk, that have increased life expectancy.

Individualistic and collectivistic cultures

Differences in cultural values and beliefs regarding independence, personal success, and family dependency.

Theoretical perspectives of developmental psychology

Nature vs. nurture, behaviorism, cognitive psychology, and psychoanalysis.

Purpose of twin and adoption studies

To examine the influence of genetics and environment on development by comparing individuals with the same genetic code.

Contributions of Bowlby and Piaget

Bowlby's attachment theory and Piaget's stages of childhood development.

Types of research

Correlational, true experiment, and case study.

Data collection strategies

Naturalistic observation, self-reports, and observer reports.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

Comparing different age groups at the same time vs. studying the same group over a long period.

Reproductive systems and fertilization

Male and female reproductive organs and the process of fertilization.

Stages of prenatal development

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.

Structures of the womb

Fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Trimesters of pregnancy

First, second, and third trimesters and typical experiences during each.

Teratogens and their effects

Substances, infections, medications, drugs, toxins, and stress that can harm prenatal development.

Chromosomal threats and Down syndrome

Errors in cell division leading to missing or extra chromosomes, resulting in Down syndrome.

Types of genetic disorders

Dominant, recessive, and sex-linked disorders, with examples and effects.

Stages of birth and threats

Dilation and effacement, birth, and expulsion of the placenta, with potential threats during delivery.

APGAR test

Assessment of an infant's heart rate, muscular tone, respiration, reflex response, and color immediately after birth.

Benefits and barriers of breastfeeding

Free, long-term health benefits for the baby, but challenges related to work, social stigma, and discomfort for mothers.

Purpose of crying and kangaroo care

Communication and emotional bonding between parent and baby. Kangaroo care is when a baby snuggles with their parent with skin-to-skin contact with some sort of cloth or sling to wrap the two together like in a kangaroo pouch.

Malnutrition and food insecurity

Lack or excess of nutrients and limited access to adequate food.

Sleep stages

When we fall asleep we fall into three stages involving rapid eye movements and slower brain waves and eventually, we fall into REM sleep our brain waves are at their lowest ability

Senses and motor skills

Habituation, sensation and perception, and motor skill development in infants.

Sensorimotor intelligence

Piaget's stages of sensorimotor development, including object permanence and exploration.

Language development in the first two years

Universal sequence of language milestones and theories of learning language.

Attachment

Separation and stranger anxiety, social referencing, attachment styles, strange situation, synchrony, and universality of attachment.

Adult relationships and attachment

Influence of childhood attachment on adult relationships.

Temperament and socialization fit

Strategies for addressing the temperament of shy/timid and exuberant children.

Effects of poverty

Impact of low-income status on cortisol levels and academic outcomes in toddlers.

Head Start program

Government-sponsored early childhood program aimed at preparing children from low-income families for school.

Elevated cortisol levels

Increased levels of the stress hormone cortisol in infants, which can have long-term effects on their ability to handle stress later in life.

Teacher-to-child ratio

The number of teachers or caregivers compared to the number of children in a childcare center, which should be low to ensure individual attention and quality care.

Well-designed facility

A childcare center that is thoughtfully designed to provide a stimulating and interactive environment for infants, promoting their cognitive and social development.

Huntingtons Disease

dominant- nervous disease; jerky movements; dementia

Tay-Sachs

recessive- fatal infant nervous system disorder; fatty material in neurons; common in Jewish and European ancestry

Cystic Fibrosis

recessive- single gene disorder; muscus clogs lungs and pancreas

Sickle Cell Amenia

recessive- blood cells collapse and clump 2gether; organ damage; o2 deprivation

Hemophilia

sex-linked- blood clotting disorder in males; uncontrolled bleeding and pain

Stages One and Two: Primary Circular Reactions

mouthing schema, by age two babies, stop relying on reflexes and start to rely on symbolic thoughts; thumb makes contact with the mouth; waving legs

Stages Three and Four: Secondary Circular Reactions

reaching; action-oriented schemas; can do two circular reactions at once; object permanence

Stages Five and Six: Tertiary Circular Reactions

18- 24 months little scientist” and imitation - explores the reactions to the objects of the world through things such as throwing; and trying different things.

Language Development 2-4 Months

cooing: growing out reflexes

Language Development 5-11 Months

babbling: vowel consonant sounds

Language Development 12-17 Months

Holophrases: one word sentences

Language Development 18- 2 years

Telepathic speech: two word sentences

LAD (Language Acquisition Device)

a system of principles that children are born with that helps them learn language, and accounts for the order in which children learn structures, and the mistakes they make as they learn.

What does the avoidant attachment style look like?

child will seem uninterested/ unaffected when parent leaves but in their brain cortisol levels are in fact going up

What does the disorganized attachment style look like?

runs around, freezes and is frightened when parent comes back

What should you do if your child is super shy and timid

don’t be overprotective/ put them in situations where they discover new people or places

What should you do if your child is super exuberant ?

use time outs; response empathetically to the child’s problem

What are reflexes and why do we have them?

Reflexes are automatic responses to a stimulus, reflexes such as the rooting reflex (turns head when touched) and sucking reflex (they suck all the time) in babies are based on their survival instinct to be fed

Plasticity

the ability of the brain to change because of experience

Pruning

pruning is the process where the brain eliminates extra synapses

What is the first teratogen principle?

Teratogen factors create major structural damage in the first stage (embryonic)

What is the second teratogen principle?

Teratogens can affect the developing brain through the second and third trimesters; exposure can increase risk of developmental disorders

What is the third teratogen principle?

Teratogens have a threshold level which it occurs. ex a woman who drinks an occasional soda is better off than a woman who drinks coffee 4x a day

What is the fourth teratogen principle?

Teratogen damage is unpredictable; depending on fetal and maternal vulnerabilities