ap psych personality

What did Jung believe the unconscious composed of?

Personal unconscious and the collective unconscious

According to Freud, behaving in a precise, overly organized way suggest one might be fixated in which stage?

Anal

According to Freud, behaving in a passive dependent fashion (relying on mom or dad, especially) suggests one might be fixated in which stage?

Oral

What defense mechanism is in place when parents become overprotective of their children in order to disguise their hostility toward them?

Reaction Formation

What did Horney believe was most influential to the differences and power struggles between men and women?

Culture

Adler believed behavior was generally and consistently directed toward the goal of

Superiority

What defense mechanism is in place when one is angry about something and avoids dealing directly with the situation?

Denial/Repression

What Neo-Freudian emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development? Explain

Carl Jung - a common reservoir of images derived from our species' universal experiences-- life forces drives for creativity, growth-oriented resolution of conflict, no stages (continuity perspective). Our collective unconscious is responsible for our innate tendencies to react in certain ways

Saying the first thing that pops into one's head (Freud) psychoanalysis believes it can produce a chain of thought leading to a patient's unconscious

Free association

What is the "royal road to the unconsciousness" according to Freud?

Dreams

According to Freud, an excessive fixation is mostly likely to contribute to what defense mechanism?

Regression

Unconscious self-justification to hide the real reasons for our behavior

Rationalization

What defense mechanism involved people disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others?

Projection

According to Adler, one who is not living a life of fulfillment, happiness, and self-content is struggling or suffering from what?

Feelings of inferiority -- inferiority complex

According to Freud, what stage of development is one stuck in when one is consistently gullible, needy, and believing of all she is told?

Oral

Which conflict center might encourage us to think that, after making our best effort, it still wasn't enough?

Superego

Which conflict center might help one satisfy a personal conflict between kindness and disgust?

Ego

An individual with an internal locus of control would most likely show signs of a strong

Ego

What is expected when one is taking the TAT?

Interpretation of ambiguous pictures to make up a story and reveal unconscious wishes, desires, drives, etc.

Why is the fact that many ideas of the psychodynamic theories originated from clinical observations a criticism of Freud and his personality perspective?

Because case studies cannot be used as scientific generalizations

What are the conflicts Freud emphasized during the phallic stage?

Oedipus and Electra Complex

When Freud observed that certain symptoms of illness were relieved when patients engaged in free association led him to believe that some of the symptoms stemmed from what?

Psychological conflicts

What is the role of the ego according to Freud?

Mediate among the id, superego, and reality

According to Freud, if a child is demonstrating his independence from his parents' control and consistently seems proud of himself when he is defiant, he is stuck in the \____________ stage.

Anal

Horney criticized Freud because he believed women had weak

Superegos

According to Freud, young boys who want to protect their mothers are experiencing what conflict?

Oedipus complex

Disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Projection

Burying thoughts and desires that create anxiety; these memories are not conscious because they are too painful

Repression

What conflict center is associated with the pleasure principle?

Id

What conflict center is associated with the reality principle?

Ego

According to Freud, what defense mechanism is at work when anger elicits a non-angry response?

Sublimation

When one is tempted to do something irresponsible but fun, and instead opts to do the responsible thing, what conflict center is exerting strength?

Ego

The humanist perspective is sometimes criticized for promoting an excessive degree of what?

Individualism

According to Rogers, a growth-promoting environment required what three conditions?

Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

All the thoughts and feelings we have in response to "who am I?" If we fall short of our ideal self we experience discontent and unhappiness. If self-concept is positive, we perceive the world in a positive way, believing we can and do make a difference.

Self-concept

The humanist perspective is sometimes criticized for underestimating the value of what?

Social Influence

How do most personality inventories typically gather information?

Self report

What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?

A personality inventory that type profiles personality.

What do the Eysencks believe about personality?

Genetically influenced dimensions: extraversion-introversion and neuroticism

According to Eysenck, one who is pessimistic, anxious and moody is classified as what?

unstable-introverted personality (melancholic)

If the nervous system normally operates below optimum arousal level, then look for excitement, change and social interaction (extravert). If the nervous system is over-aroused, then one will avoid excitement, change, and social interaction (introvert). Stability - nervous system is relatively insensitive to stress; instability- nervous system is reactive to stress.

biological connection between personality factors identified by Eysenck

Explain the Big Five Personality Factors

Openness, Agreeableness, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on which dimension of the Big Five?

Conscientiousness

A person who is suspicious and uncooperative ranks low on which dimension of the Big Five?

Agreeableness

Occurs when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so.

Learned helplessness

What is the difference between internal locus of control and external locus of control?

Internal: you control your own destiny.
External: chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

Reciprocal determinism (Bandura) involves multidirectional influences among what?

Personal Factors, Environmental Events, Behavior

Learned helplessness is most likely to contribute to what locus of control?

External

An individual who has a strong internal locus of control, perfectionist tendencies, and the feeling that things need to be "just right" shows signs of a weak conflict / personality center according to Freud. Which of the three is weak? Which is exceptionally strong?

weak: id
strong: superego

According to Bandura, the best way to predict a political candidate's performance effectiveness after an election is to assess what?

that individual's past performance in similar situations

What locus of control is exhibited when one believes s/he can be successful with hard work, effort, and a positive attitude?

internal

When one believes high school classes are unrelated to one's future in the world or in college, what locus of control is at play?

external

When one gives up, what locus of control is at play?

external

Carl Jung promotes the belief that humans share myths, religions, and certain customs across culture and time known as

Archetypes

Who is most famously associated with the humanistic, psychodynamic, and socio-cultural perspectives of personality development?

Humanistic- Maslow and Rogers; Psychodynamic- Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney; Social-Cognitive - Bandura; Trait - Allport, Eysenck

What is the difference between neo-Freudians and traditional Freudians?

The role of sex and aggression (the neo-Freudians thought it did not play as big of a role)

Which neo-Freudian focuses on moving towards others to overcome basic anxiety?

Horney

Which neo-Freudian promotes the idea of anima and animus?

Jung

Which neo-Freudian is considered to be the founder of individual psychology?

Adler

What does Adler believe is the focus of most human behavior and energy?

drive for superiority

What practices are essential to psychoanalysis?

free association, dream interpretation, TAT testing

A person who is careless and disorganized ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension known as

conscientiousness

Who suggests two dimensions of personality?

eysenck

Who is known for the idea that we have a cardinal trait that dominates our personality, supported by central and secondary traits?

allport

An excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to

focusing a specific interest potentially resulting in mental disorder

According to Eysenck, how would someone who is quiet, pessimistic, anxious and moody be characterized?

unstable-introverted

A personality test that only utilizes items or questions that have been shown, through research, to characterize certain groups or dysfunctions is

factor analysis

procedures for depicting the main aspects of sample data, without necessarily inferring to a larger population. usually include the mean, median, mode, range and standard deviation

descriptive statistics

What type of research relies most on descriptive statistics?

descriptive and correlational research

Reflexes occur quickly before we are consciously aware because of

interneurons

The first part of the eye that incoming light strikes is the

cornea

Which visual receptors are located in the fovea?

cones

The olfactory system is most closely associated with what region of the brain?

temporal lobe

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? Which of those three intelligences is best measured on a standard IQ test?

Sternberg- analytical (problem solver), Creative (intuitive, insightful, novel approach, innovative) practical (adapt, shape, and create optimal environment for oneself); standard intelligence tests measure analytical component only

Binet developed the idea of measuring intelligence based on what? What mathematical formula was used to determine IQ?

Judgment and reasoning; mental age/chronological age x 100

GRE, SAT, MCATS, etc. (College Board tests) are considered to have high predictive validity - why?

they tend to be fairly accurate in predicting how someone is going to perform im a specific environment

What is the difference between aptitude and achievement tests

aptitude - predicts the ability to learn (SAT)
achievement - how much one has learned over the course of time (SOL)

g factor\= general intelligence; used to quantify mental ability on a variety of cognitive tests; dominant ability is best measured on standard academic tests, not including social or emotional or the multiple intelligences; single common factor (using factor analysis) helps to explain correlations in test scores; reasoning across academic disciplines; suggested g factor is largely inherited

spearman's concept of g

What is a common component of the variety of definitions of intelligence?

ability to thrive and adapt to one's environment

When a test is considered accurate it illustrates that scores are fairly

consistent

If a test is valid, it is fairly

reliable

Vocabulary & similarity between concepts scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale result in what type of score?

verbal

Intellectual disability is diagnosed at what IQ?

70 and below

When IQ scores among siblings who grow up together vary greatly, the heritability coefficient will be

greater

What are some components of creative intelligence? What is the Flynn effect and how do psychologists explain it?

intrinsic motivation, innovation, expertise, adventuresome personality, risk taker, imagination, etc.

Women and men score similarly on most IQ tests, however, there are some differences regarding what type of intelligence?

emotional and social

What type of intelligence is defined by the Unusual Uses Test?

creativity

There is a moderate \_______________ correlation between intelligence & neural processing speed.

positive

How do habituation studies help to indicate an infant's intellectual functioning?

the more an infant shows surprise, interest, curiosity when presented with novel stimuli, the more intellectual aptitude they seem to have later in life

many neuroscientists and psychologists suggest that those with higher intelligence and stronger cognitive abilities, tend to have the ability to think about their own thinking and explain their own thinking to others

metacognition (and how it relates to intelligence)

IQ tests are sometimes considered to be "biased" - how so?

Often IQ tests rely on cultural experiences in order to answer correctly and IQ tests overlook practical, social, emotional, and creative intelligences to a large degree

Although there is gathering evidence to contradict the differences between gender on certain tasks and in certain disciplines, there is still some evidence to suggest that boys outperform girls in what academic discipline?

math

Brains that rest tend to be \____________________ correlated with intelligence

positively

List and describe the three characteristics of a good test.

standardization - results produce a normal distribution of scores
reliability - test takers will score similarly on any version of the test
validity - the test measures what it is supposed to measure

Describe Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

intelligence was more complex than just a few types - he developed seven intelligences which has now evolve into nine

intellectually disabled individuals who have a unique form of skill/ability

savant syndrome

Describe Francis Galton's beliefs of intelligence. How did this contribute to the eugenics movement?

intelligence was a product of heredity (nature) - eugenics tried to breed out undesirable traits