Medical Interventions Midterm Study Guide

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68 Terms

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Antibody

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.

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Antigen

A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and elicits an immune response.

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Bioinformatics

The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biochemical and biological information using computers, especially as applied in molecular genetics and genomics.

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Concentration

The amount of a specified substance in a unit amount of another substance.

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ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)

A quantitative in vitro test for an antibody or antigen where the test material is absorbed on a surface and exposed to an enzyme linked to an antibody or anti-immunoglobulin to yield a colored product.

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Enzyme

A protein serving as a catalyst; a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

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Genome

The complement of an organism’s genes; an organism’s genetic material.

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Medical Intervention

Any measure whose purpose is to improve health or alter the course of disease.

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Outbreak

A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease.

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Pathogen

A specific causative agent of disease.

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Primer

A molecule (a short strand of RNA or DNA) whose presence is required for the formation of another molecule (a longer chain of DNA).

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Serial dilution

A stepwise dilution of a substance in solution.

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Solute

A substance dissolved in another substance.

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Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination.

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Solvent

A substance, usually a liquid, capable of dissolving another substance.

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Substrate

The reactant on which an enzyme works.

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Antibiotic

A substance produced by or derived from a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism.

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Antibiotic Resistance

Resistance to one or more antibiotics, usually due to additional genetic information.

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Conjugation

The one-way transfer of DNA between bacteria in cellular contact.

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Nucleoid

The DNA-containing area of a bacterial cell.

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Plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome.

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Transduction

The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another by a genetic vector.

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Transformation

The genetic modification of a bacterium by incorporation of free DNA from another ruptured bacterial cell.

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Audiogram

A graphic representation of the relation of vibration frequency and the minimum sound intensity for hearing.

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Cochlear Implant

An electrical prosthetic device that enables individuals with sensorineural hearing loss to recognize some sounds.

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Sound

Mechanical energy that is transmitted by longitudinal pressure waves in a medium (such as water or air).

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Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Hearing loss or impairment resulting from problems with the auditory nerves.

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Outer Ear

The outer visible portion of the ear that collects and directs sound waves toward the tympanic membrane.

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Middle Ear

The intermediate portion of the ear containing a chain of three ossicles that transmits vibrations to the inner ear.

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Hearing Aid

An electronic device usually worn by a person for amplifying sound before it reaches the receptor organs.

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Inner Ear

The essential part of the vertebrate organ of hearing and equilibrium, including the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea.

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Conductive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss or impairment resulting from interference with the transmission of sound waves to the cochlea.

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Case-control study

A type of epidemiologic study comparing a group of individuals with a disease (cases) to those without (controls).

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Cohort study

A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed individuals and a non-exposed group are followed over time.

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DNA ligase

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication and recombinant DNA techniques.

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Epidemic

Affecting an atypically large number of individuals within a population at the same time.

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Epidemiology

A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population.

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Herd immunity

The resistance of a group to a disease to which a large proportion are immune.

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Inoculation

The introduction of a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to stimulate antibody production.

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Recombinant DNA

A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources.

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Restriction enzyme

A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA.

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Vaccination

A procedure that presents the immune system with a harmless variant of a pathogen.

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Vaccine

A harmless variant of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to mount defenses against it.

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Genes

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA.

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Genetic counseling

A process of communication concerning the occurrence or risk of genetic disorders in a family.

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Genetic testing

The use of methods to determine if someone has a genetic disorder or will develop one.

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Karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A technique that involves copying short pieces of DNA to make millions of copies.

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Taq polymerase

A DNA synthesis enzyme that withstands high temperatures of PCR.

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Thermal cycler

An instrument that automatically cycles through temperatures for PCR reactions.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism.

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Phenotype

The physical and physiological traits of an organism.

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Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

One base-pair variation in the genome sequence.

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Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A technique for diagnosing genetic defects in a fetus by analyzing a sample of the placenta.

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Amniocentesis

A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus through amniotic fluid analysis.

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Maternal Serum Screening

First trimester screening usually completed in conjunction with an ultrasound.

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Ultrasound

A noninvasive technique for examining and measuring internal body structures.

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Noninvasive Prenatal Screening

A test that screens a newborn's DNA using fragments circulating in the parent's blood.

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Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

The determination of genetic abnormalities in an embryo before transfer to the uterus.

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Supernatant

The clear liquid left after a precipitate has been centrifuged.

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Anneal

To combine with complementary nucleic acid through heating and cooling.

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Denaturation

The separation of two strands of DNA in the double helix.

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Gene therapy

The alteration of genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease.

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Vector

An agent that carries modified genetic material to introduce genes into an organism's genome.

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In vivo

Taking place inside a living organism.

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In vitro

Performed in the lab, outside of a living organism.

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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A procedure where gametes are fertilized in a dish and implanted in the uterus.

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Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)

The determination of genetic abnormalities in an embryo before transfer to the uterus.