ch4 mastery training

Renaissance

period from about 1450-1600 when there was a rebirth of open, objective inquiry

idol of the cave

personal bias that results from one’s personal characteristics or experiences

idol of the tribe

bias that results from human’s natural tendency to view the world selectively

idol of the marketplace

error resulting when one accepts the traditional meanings of the words used to describe things

idol of the theater

inhibition of objective inquiry that results when one accepts dogma, tradition, or authority

humanism

emphasizes individualism, personal relationship with God, interest in classical wisdom, and a negative attitude toward Aristotle’s philosophy

Petrarch, Francesco (1304-1374)

Renaissance humanist referred by many historians as the father of the Renaissance

Pico, Giovanni (1463-1494)

maintained that humans are capable of changing themselves and the world

Luther, Martin (1483-1586)

believed the church’s downfall was its embracing of Aristotle’s philosophy and urged a return to personal religion

Reformation

attempt of Luther and others to reform the Christian church by making it more Augustinian

Protestantism

religious movement that denied the authority of the pope and of Aristotle

Montaigne, Michel de (1533-1592)

believed there was no objective way of distinguishing among various claims of truth

Ptolemy (fl. second century AD)

Greco-Egyptian astronomer who synthesized earlier and contemporary astronomical works

Ptolemaic system

conception of the solar system that has the earth as its center

geocentric theory

according to Ptolemy, the sun and planets rotate around the Earth

heliocentric theory

according to Copernicus, the planets, including the Earth, rotate around the sun

Bruno, Giordano (1548-1600)

accepted the mystical non-Christian philosophy of Hermetism and Copernicus’s heliocentric theory

Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)

determined the elliptical paths of the planets around the sun and pioneered work in optics

primary quality

attribute of physical objects such as size, shape, number, position, and movement or rest

secondary quality

apparent attribute of physical objects existing only in the mind of the perceiver

Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)

showed that the motion of all objects could be explained by his law of gravitation

deism

belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

Bacon, Francis (1561-1626)

urged a practical science that was free from misconceptions of the past and theoretical influences

deduction

method of reasoning by which conclusions must follow from certain assumptions, principles, or concepts

induction

method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

positivism

belief that only objects or events directly experienced should be the object of scientific inquiry

Descartes, René (1596-1650)

believed that human behavior can be explained in mechanical terms

innate idea

could not be derived from individual experience but are placed in the mind by God

intuition

introspective process by which clear and distinct ideas are discovered

animal spirit

substance thought to be located in the cavities of the brain that initiated behavior

interactionism

version of dualism accepting the separate but intermingled existence of a mind and body