Pt.2 (70-79)

Calvin Cycle

A metabolic pathway that fixes carbon dioxide and produces G3P, used to synthesize glucose.

Photorespiration

A wasteful process that occurs in hot, dry conditions when RUBISCO binds to oxygen instead of carbon dioxide.

RUBISCO

An enzyme crucial for fixing carbon dioxide in the Calvin Cycle.

Per CO2 Fixed Input

Each CO2 fixed in the Calvin Cycle requires 3 ATP and 2 NADPH.

G3P Production Input

Producing one G3P molecule requires 9 ATP, 6 NADPH, and 3 CO2.

Glucose Production Equation

The equation for glucose production is: 6CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

C3 Cycle

Another name for the Calvin Cycle, referencing the 3-carbon compound formed.

C4 Plants

Plants that utilize an additional enzyme, PEP carboxylase, to fix CO2 in hot conditions.

PEPCO

An enzyme in C4 plants that cannot bind to oxygen, helping reduce photorespiration.

Spatial Separation

In C4 plants, C3 and C4 processes occur at different locations during the day.

Bundle-Sheath Cells

Cells in C4 leaves that contain RUBISCO and conduct photosynthesis.

CAM Plants

Plants that use Crassulacean Acid Metabolism to separate C4 and C3 processes temporally.

Stomata

Small openings on plant leaves that control gas exchange and water loss.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that protects, absorbs, and secretes, characterized by closely packed cells.

Basal Surface

The side of epithelial tissue that faces the underlying connective tissue.

Apical Surface

The side of epithelial tissue that faces away from the underlying connective tissue.

Simple Epithelia

Epithelial tissue consisting of a single layer of cells, specialized for molecule movement.

Stratified Epithelia

Epithelia with two or more layers of cells, providing protection.

Pseudostratified Epithelia

A single layer of cells with differing heights, often containing cilia.

Glandular Epithelia

Cuboidal epithelial cells specialized for secretion, such as in endocrine glands.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that connects and supports other tissues, characterized by sparse cells in an extensive extracellular matrix.

Fibroblasts

Cells in connective tissue that produce components of the extracellular matrix.

Cartilage

A type of connective tissue with a thick mixture of collagen fibers and specialized polysaccharides.

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for the formation of new bone tissue.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated muscle under voluntary control, comprising muscle fibers and myofibrils.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the heart, characterized by interconnected cells.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in various internal structures like the digestive system.

Neuron

The primary cell type in the nervous system responsible for conducting signals.

Glial Cells

Supporting cells in the nervous system that provide structural and metabolic support to neurons.

Resting Membrane Potential

The voltage difference across a neuron's membrane when it is not actively sending signals.

Cell Body (soma)

Contain nucleus

Dendrites

Receive signals from other neurons

Hillock

Where soma connects with the axon, integrates signals

Simple Squamous Epithelia

Diffusion, simple, channel mediated, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys

Simple Columnar Epithelia

Active transport, carrier mediated diffusion, intestine, kidney

Tendons

Attach muscle to bone

Ligaments

Attach bone to bone

Leukocytes

White blood cell, immunity

Platelets

Blood clotting

Thick filament in skeletal muscle

Made of myosin

Thin filament in skeletal muscle

Actin

Cardiac

Involuntary,short cells, strongly connected because of desmosomes and gap junctions

Axon

Sends signals

Axon initial segment

Determine if signal continues down axon

Terminals

Release neurotransmitters