Pt.2 (70-79)

Summary of Calvin Cycle

  • Per CO2 fixed: need 3 ATP and 2NADPA

  • Per G3P made/Released: 9 ATP and 6NADPH and 3CO2

  • Per Glucose made: 6CO2 + 18 ATP + 12NADPH + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Calvin Cycle also called the C3 Cycle

  • because the first molecule to appear has 3C

I. Biological Boo-Boo: Photorespiration

  1. RUBISCO

  • normally, inside of lead has lots of CO2 and little O2

  • However on hot dry days stomata close to preserve H2O

  • CO2 drop, O2 rise

  • O2 displaces CO2 in RUBISCO

  • To make toxic 2C molecules nontoxic, the plant use extensive processes

C3 plants need to use 50% of ATP they make and lose 50% of CO2

  1. How do some plants deal with High heat, low CO2, and high O2

A. C4 plants

I. Corn, crabgrass sugarcane

II. Use an added enzyme

1. RUBSICO (Calvin)

2. PEPCO:

A. Cannot bind O2

B. Anatomical differences in leaves

I. Trap CO2

II. “Vein” = Vascular bundle

III. Bundle-Sheath Cells:

1. Make up vascular bundle vein

IV. C3 leaves bundle-sheath cells

  • no photosynthesis

  • No rubisco

V. C4 leaves bundle-sheath cells

1. Make up vascular bundle

2. Are photosynthetic

3. Have RUBSICO (Calvin)

4. Mesophyll cells tightly surrounding bundle-sheath cells to protect photosynthetic cells from O2

VI. Spatial Seperation:

  1. C3 & C4 processes occurring at the same time (daytime) but in different locations

A. C3 —> Bundle-sheath

B. C4 —> Mesophyll

B. CAM plants

  1. CAM = Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

    • First discovered in Family Crassulaeceae

    • Group of plants with succulent (water holding)leaves

    • Cacti, Pineapple

  2. Temporal (time) separation of steps

  • Have both C3 and C4 processes

a. Calvin cycle, RUBSICO, PEPCO

B. Occuring in the same place but in different times

C. in Mesophyll cells

D. Day:

I. Stomata closed

II. C4 process active

III. Makes lots of 4C molecules

E. Night

  I. Stomata open

II. C3 process Active

III. Calvin Cycle

IV. C4 molecule releases CO2 from the night

Animal Tissues - Histology

  1. Organization of life

- Tissue: group of cells, including their extracellular matrix,  of similar type of function

  • organ: Multiple tissues organized to form larger structures

  • Organ System: Groups of organs with a related function

  1. 4 major types of tissues

  • Epithelia

  • Connective

  • Muscle

  • Nervous

A. Epithelial tissue

  • Protection,Absorption, secretion

  • Tightly packed layer or layers

    • Little extracellular matrix\

    • Lots of desmosomes, tight and gap junctions    

  • Found in line surface

    • External: skin

    • Internal : blood vessels, organs

  • Basal surface

    • Side of tissues facing underlying/connective tissue

  • Apical surface:

    • Facing away from tissue

    • Keratin location

  1. Simple epithelial

  • single layer of cells, specialized for molecule movement

    • Squamous

      • Diffusion, simple, channel-mediated diffusion

      • Lungs, blood vessels, kidneys

    • Columnar

      • Active transport, carrier-mediated diffusion

      • Intestine, kidneys

  1. Stratified Epithelia

  • two of more layers - protection

  • Skin , inside most organs

  • Urinary bladder

  1. Pseudostratified Epithelia

a. Fake layers

   b. single layer, but cells are different heights

    c. High number of cilia on apical surface

- covered with mucus

    d. Important for moving objects

  1. Glandular/cuboidal epithelia

- for secretion

  - endocrine glands, sweat glands, kidneys, pancreas, intestine, salivary glands

B. Connective Tissue

  1. Connect and support other tissues

2. Few cells surrounded by extensive extracellular matrix

3. Fibroblast

A. Generic term for cells of the extracellular matrix which make its components

4. Loose

  • very flexible, very few solid components

  • Underneath epithelia

  • Immune system cells can easily access if viruses go through

  • Fast heal

  1. Dense/Fibrous:

  • high concentration of parallel collagen fibres

  • Not loose, slightly flexible

  • Slow heal

  • Tendons:

    • Attaching muscle to bone

  • Ligaments

    • Attaching bone to bone

  • Cartilage

    • Thick mixture of collagen fibres + chondroitin sulfate (specialized polysaccharide) + Glucosamine (specialized monosaccharide)

    • Found at end of bone where another bone may rub agasintanother to prevent abrasion

    • Nose and earlobes

Bone

  • living tissue

  • High concentration of collagens, calcium, phosphhate, magnesium

  • Osteoblasts:

    • Fibroblast

    • Make new bone

  • Osteocytes

    • Surrounded by mature bone

Blood

  • living tissue!

  • Cells surrounded by liquid extracellular matrix

  • Erythrocytes

    • Red blood cells

    • Oxygen/c\CO2 movement

    • PH buffering

  • Leukocytes

    • White blood cells, immune cells

  • Platelets

    • Cell fragments

    • Clotting

C. Muscle Tissue

  • “Myo” = Greek muscle

  • “Sarco” = Greek “flesh” Skeletal, cardiac,smooth

Skeletal

A. Basic Anatomy

- about 35-45% of total body mass

Muscle <— Muscel bundles <— Muscel fibers (cells) <— Myofibrils Actin + Myosin

B. Contraction: sliding filament model

  • Sarcomere: unit of Contraction

  1. Cardiac: heart - involuntary

  • gap junctions

  1. Smooth

  • involuntary

    • Digestive system

    • Arteries

    • Uterus

    • Arractorpili

    • Spindle shaped

D. Nervous

  • neurons - information transfer —> action potentials

  • Glial cells support neurons

NERVOUS SYSTEM

A. Introductions

Central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS)  nervous system

1. General function

  • collect information - PNS (“sensory”)

  • Integrate information - CNS

  • Make decision - CNS

  • Take action - PNS (“motor”)

  1. Complexity

    • brain tissue sample: rice grain size

      • 100,000 neuron’s

      • 1 million connections

      • Entire human brain —> 100 billion neurons (70 billion glial cells) 2 trillion connections

  2. basic types of cells

  • neurons —> conduct signal, electrical signal, chemical signals

  • Glial —> Supporting cells, structural suppport, metabolic, immune

B. Neuron anatomy

  • cell body (soma): contain nucleus

  • Denrites: receive signals from other neurons

  • Hillock: where soma connects with the axon, integrates signals

  • Axon: sends signals  axon initial segment

    • (AIS)—> determine if signal continues down axon

    • terminals - releases neurotransmitters

C. Neuron Functioning

  • neurons use concepts we know!

    • Chanel mediated diffusion — ions

    • Na+ K+ Ca2+ “gatedActive transport

      • ATP

      • Pump

      • Vesicle Exocytosis

        • Release neurotransmitters

  1. Neurons have a resting membrane potential (voltage)

  • “resting” neuron - inside is negative to outside membrane is polarized

  • “Potential” = “voltage”

  • Resting potential

    • 70mV