Plasma Proteins and Dysproteinemia

what synthesizes most of the plasma proteins

liver

what synthesizes immunoglobulins

lymphoid organs

what are some functions of plasma porteins

transport nutrients, small hormones, waste, drugs

regulatory proteins

immune defense

neonates have ___ in comparison to adult TPP

lower TPP (4-6 g/dL)

neonates will lack what until colostrum is ingested

immnoglobulin

What are the three main methods for measuring plasma proteins?

Physical (refractometric)

biochemical (spectrophotometric)

fractionation (electrophoresis)

what will refractometric measure

total plasma proteins

based on fluids refractive index

microhematoccrit tube can be used for

plasma protein determination

fibrinogen determination

buffy coat and plasma appearance

what causes falsely increased plasma proteins

hemolysis of sample

lipemia

increase in nonprotein solids

total globulin concentration is calculated by

subtracting albumin concentration from TPP

total protein and albumin concentrations are measured using

spectrophotometric assays

what is serum/protein electrophoresis used for

separates proteins into albumin, α, β, γ globulin fraction

unexplained hyperglobinemia

immunoglobulin deficiency suspected

in serum protein electrophoresis, what travels the farthest

albumin

Why can hypoalbuminemia cause edema

Albumin is the main contributor to plasma oncotic pressure, loss reduces osmotic pull

albumin is a

negative acute phase protein

how does low albumin cause hypoalbuminemia

transport of Ca2+ decreased, so low Ca2+ in the blood

positive APPs will

increase serum concentration

negative APPs will

decrease serum concentration

what are APPs

proteins with more than 25% change in serum concentration in response in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF alpha, IL-6)

what are the major positive APP for cows, sheep, and goats

SAA

haptoglobin

what positive APP do only dogs and humans have

C reactive protein

SAA is a positive APP present in

all animals

measurement of APP is helpful to

measure inflammation, especially in species that do not have prominent leukogram changes

haptoglobin is

a major APP in ruminants

what is the role of haptoglobin

binds free plasma hemoglobin irreversibly

protects against bacterial infections

prevents loss of hemoglobin in the urine

what is fibrinogen classified as

coagulation factor I

what is the role of fibrinogen

precursor to fibrin in coagulation

scaffolding for inflammatory cells

APP that increases in inflammation

how is fibrinogen estimated

Measure TP before and after heating plasma

what factors will increase fibrinogen

active inflammation (cattle, goats, horses)

dehydration

what factors will decrease fibrinogen

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

liver failure

snake venoms

what is the function of ceruloplasmin

copper transport

ferroxidase activity will facilitate

iron mobilization from tissue stores

what is the function of transferrin

iron transport

transferrin is a

negative APP

plasma ferritin correlates with

total body iron stores

inflammation, is a positive APP

what is the function of antithrombin

inhibits thrombin and other coagulation factors

what does antithrombin require for optimal activity

GAGs

what can cause hyperproteinemia

dehydration

hyperglobinemia

what can cause hypoproteinemia

decreased production

increased loss

overhydration

inflammation will cause

increased loss of some proteins

increased synthesis of positive APP from altered cytokines

decreased synthesis of negative APP from altered cytokines

what is panhypoproteinemia

both globulin and albumin decreased, A:G ratio is normal

dehydration will cause

hyperporteinemia and erythrocytosis

external hemorrhage will cause

hypoproteinemia and anemia

what causes hypoalbuminemia

protein losing glomerulopathy

excessive fluid therapy

decreased synthesis

what causes hyperalbuminemia

dehydration

artifacts

what causes hypoglbulinemia

increased loss

failure of passive transfer of immunoglobulins via colostrum

overhydration

decreased production of immunoglobulins

what causes hyperglobulimemia

increased immunoglobulins

increased APP during inflammation

dehydration

what is polyclonal hyperglobulinemia

Ig from many lymphoid clones

blunt broad peak

what is monoclonal hyperglobulinemia

Ig (or Bence Jones protein) from a single lymphoid clone

narrow sharp peak

what are bence jones proteins

immunoglobulin light chains

synthesis of lipoproteins occurs in

GI and liver

where are chylomicrons formed

mucosal cells of duodenum and jejunum following the digestion of fat

what is the function of lipoprotein lipase

core triglycerides rapidly hydrolyzed

what causes postprandial lipemia

white cloudy plasma because of chylomicronemia after eating a meal containing fat

what is the function of VLDLs

transport endogenous triglycerides

what is the function of LDLs

cholesterol is transported to peripheral tissues

what is the function of HDLs

transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver

if there is lipemia in plasma or serum then there is

increased chylomicrons and/or VLDL

what lipoprotein is 50-75% of lipoprotein content in the plasma of fasting domestic animals

HDLs

What are primary causes of persistent hypertriglyceridemia?

Lipoprotein lipase deficiency (cats), hereditary hypertriglyceridemia (miniature schnauzers)

What are secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia?

Postprandial, diabetes mellitus, acute pancreatitis, hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism

How can chylomicrons be distinguished from VLDLs in plasma?

refrigeration: chylomicrons form a cream layer; VLDLs keep plasma cloudy but no cream layer