APUSH Chapter 16

Lincoln’s 10% Plan for Reconstruction

Proposal where Southern states could form governments and send representatives to Congress if 10% of 1860 voters swore allegiance to the Union and accepted emancipation.

Congress’s Wade-Davis Plan for Reconstruction

Required 50% of voters in each state to swear they never supported the Confederacy and imposed military governors on Southern states.

13th Amendment

Ratified in 1865, it abolished slavery in the United States and its territories.

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Lincoln in 1865, impacting Reconstruction policies.

President Andrew Johnson

Succeeded Lincoln, favored a lenient Reconstruction policy, and faced conflicts with Congress.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Johnson's plan similar to Lincoln's, pardoning white Confederates and restoring land to plantation owners.

Ex-Confederates return to Congress

Southern members were refused admission by Congress in 1865.

Ex Parte Milligan

Supreme Court ruling in 1866 that civilians cannot be tried by military tribunals in areas with open civil courts.

Election of 1866

Republicans won significant victories in Congress, opposing Johnson's policies.

The Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Established to provide aid to freedmen and poor whites, successful in education but failed in land distribution.

General Oliver O. Howard

Head of the Freedmen’s Bureau, advocated for African American rights.

American Missionary Association

Founded schools for freed people and poor whites during Reconstruction, promoting integration.

Black Codes

Laws passed in Southern states post-Civil War to restrict freedmen's rights, later nullified by civil rights legislation.

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

Passed over Johnson's veto, granted equal rights to blacks and made them US citizens.

The 14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all born or naturalized in the US, ensured due process and equal protection, and repudiated Confederate war debt.

“State Suicide” and “Conquered Province” Theories

Theories by Sumner and Stevens on the status of Southern states post-Civil War.

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

Invalidated previous Reconstruction plans, imposed military governors, and required black suffrage for readmission to the Union.

Tenure of Office Act

Limited Johnson's power and led to his impeachment in 1867.

Impeachment of President Johnson

Johnson was impeached but not convicted, preserving presidential independence.

Election of 1868

Grant won the presidency, supported by the newly enfranchised freedmen.

Waving the Bloody Shirt/Vote As You Shot

Republicans used wartime animosities to win votes post-Civil War.

15th Amendment

Granted black men the right to vote, supported by Republicans to maintain political control.

American Equal Rights Association

Founded by Stanton and Anthony for equal rights, faced challenges due to focus on women's suffrage.

National Woman Suffrage Association

Formed by Stanton and Anthony after the 15th Amendment did not grant women the right to vote.

Minor v. Happersett (1874)

Supreme Court case where Minor argued for women's right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Crop-lien System

A credit system on Southern cotton farms involving borrowing tools, seeds, and food, often leading to economic slavery.

Sharecropping

An economic arrangement where a landless person works land in exchange for a share of the crop, often resulting in debt accumulation and long-term ties to the land.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society using force to prevent black voting and rights, targeting scalawags, carpetbaggers, and blacks.

Carpetbaggers

Northern whites who went south after the Civil War, dominating Southern governments during Reconstruction.

Scalawags

These were Southern whites who cooperated with the carpetbag governments.

Force Acts

Federal laws aimed at halting abuses by the KKK, protecting black voters, and supervising Southern elections.

White Redeemers

At the end of military Reconstruction, blacks lost political power. All-white governments, known as Redeemer governments, returned to power and reestablished white dominance.

Panic of 1873

A global depression triggered by factors like inflation post-Civil War, land speculation, and the demonization of silver.

Currency Controversy

Debate between hard money advocates (gold-backed currency) and soft money advocates (paper money) leading to the Resumption Act of 1875.

Crime of ’73

The demonetization of silver

The Whiskey Ring

Scandal involving Treasury officials taking bribes from whiskey distillers to evade taxes, revealing ethical lapses during the Civil War.

Crédit Mobilier Railroad Scandal

Scandal where the Union Pacific Railroad overcharged the government, leading to bribery attempts and increased awareness of corruption.

The 1883 Supreme Court Rules on Civil Rights

The Supreme Court ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional which spurred Jim Crow laws and barred congress from fixing racial segregation.

Election of 1876

Controversial election between Hayes and Tilden, resolved by an electoral commission awarding disputed votes to Hayes.

Compromise of 1877

Agreement where Democrats accepted Hayes as president in exchange for the removal of federal troops from the South and other concessions.

The Solid South

Emancipation and Reconstruction had been imposed by the Northern Republicans. In response, the South voted overwhelmingly for Democrats through the 1960’s.

Literacy Tests, Poll Tax, & Grandfather Clause

Techniques used to disenfranchise black voters, including unfair literacy tests, poll taxes, and the grandfather clause benefiting whites.