A&P Exam Review

Hormones and neurotransmitters are examples of ligands.

True

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by

Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP.

lodine is an essential element needed for the synthesis of thyroxine.

True

Which of the following hormones is important for immune system development?

Thymosin

Which of the following is true regarding the endocrine system?

Has a slow response to stimuli, uses hormones, and maintains homeostasis, including reproductive activity.

The production of platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells is known as

Hematopoiesis

The plasma protein that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is

Albumin

Leukocytes are the ___ of formed elements, and leukocytes have ___.

Largest + prominent nuclei

Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the ventricles?

T wave

The condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is called

Cardiac tamponade

Without SA node input, what would the heart rate be?

50 bpm

The cardiac cycle consists of a distinct relaxation and contraction phase. Which term is typically used to refer to ventricular contraction while no blood is being ejected?

Isovolumic contraction

The term ductus venosus refers to

A special fetal vesicle that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver.

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

170/96 in a 50 year old man.

Where are the cardiac and vasomotor centers located in the brain?

Medulla Oblongata

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?

Right lymphatic duct

Where are Peyer's patches primarily located?

In the small intestine, particularly the ileum.

The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the

Lingual tonsils

Which of the following is NOT a first line of defense against pathogens?

The skin secretes chemicals to kill invaders.

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

Phagocytes

Which immunoglobulin class triggers the release of histamine for allergic responses?

IgE

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed

Opsonization

Lymph leaves a lymph node via

Efferent lymphatic vessels

gA is primarily found

In external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus.

Olfactory receptors located in the superior region of the nasal cavity are stimulated when airborne molecules are inhaled and dissolved in the mucous covering.

True

The alveolar cell that secretes pulmonary surfactant is the

Alveolar type II cell

The region of the nasal cavity immediately internal to the nostrils is the ___ ; it contains coarse guard hairs.

Vestibule

The hilum of the lung…

is an indented area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass.

Which of the two lungs is larger and wider?

The right lung

According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a gas ___ if the volume of its container increases.

Increases

Elevated HCO* levels brought about by vomiting is classified as

Metabolic alkalosis

Severe diarrhea results in the increased elimination of

Bicarbonate ions and therefore causes acidosis.

If someone begins to hyperventilate due to anxiety, the CO2 concentration in their blood decreases; this causes ___ in blood pH.

An increase

The pH of urine can range from 6-7.4.

False

A child has the same number of chromosomes as each of his parents. This is because the gametes that combined when that child was conceived each contained ___ chromosomes.

23

The function of the dartos and cremaster muscles is to…

Regulate the temperature of the testes.

Where are spermatozoa stored until they are fully mature?

Epididymis

Lipase is an enzyme found in the ___ and digests ___.

Pancreatic juice + lipids

The normal site of fertilization is the…

Ampulla of the uterine tube.

Throughout childhood, primary oocytes are arrested in…

Prophase I

The myometrium of the uterus is composed of…

Smooth muscle

A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes is…

Diploid

The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion is the…

Oral cavity

The "fatty apron" that hangs anteriorly from the stomach is known as the…

Greater omentum

The longest portion of the small intestine is the…

Ileum

A nonessential amino acid is one that…

Can be made within the body.

The major regulatory hormone of the fasting state is…

Glucagon

When glucose enters glycolysis, it…

Is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules.

Triglycerides and steroids are both examples of…

Lipids

Which of the following is the correct sequence of regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end?

Duodenum-jejunum-ileum

Ovulation typically occurs on day 14 of the ovarian cycle, and the luteal phase occurs on days…

Day 15

Sperm are produced in the…

Rete testes

Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen…

On the surface of a cell so that a T-lymphocyte can be exposed to it.

Disaccharides are one type of…

Carbohydrate

Vitamin C is a…

Water-soluble, essential vitamin.

What is the primary function of MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)?

To provide a barrier to pathogens at mucosal surfaces.

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

The thymus is most active during…

Childhood

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in…

Monocytes

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are associated with the transport of lipid from the…

From peripheral tissues to the liver.

Which of the following choices lists structures in the order in which urine flows through them?

Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

Emphysema and COPD causes a decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane and thereby leads to respiratory ___.

Acidosis

The thick tangle of capillary loops found within a corpuscle is known as the…

Glomerulus

How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related?

Reabsorption moves materials into the blood; whereas secretion removes them from the blood.

Urine flow from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is produced by…

Peristalsis of the ureters.

The renal corpuscle is located within the…

Renal cortex