CPCE

Who demonstrated Social Learning Theory?

Albert Bandura

What is the main idea of Social Learning Theory?

Aggression is learned through observation.

According to behaviorists, how is aggression learned?

Through conditioning.

What instinct do psychodynamic followers associate with aggression?

Thanatos (instinct}

What does the humanistic perspective suggest causes aggression?

Unmet needs.

What aspect of the mind does the id represent?

The impulsive and pleasure-seeking part of the unconscious.

What does the superego consist of?

The conscience and ideal self, incorporating society's values.

What role does the ego play in the psyche?

It rationally solves problems and mediates between the id and superego.

Define a variable ratio schedule in reinforcement.

A reward occurs after an unpredictable number of responses.

What occurs in a fixed ratio schedule?

A response is reinforced after a set number of responses.

In a fixed interval schedule, when is reinforcement provided?

After a certain amount of time has passed.

What defines a variable interval schedule?

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable amount of time.

What is repression in psychoanalysis?

Keeping upsetting memories out of the conscious mind.

What is the difference between repression and suppression?

Repression is unconscious, while suppression is a conscious effort to avoid thoughts.

Name the four stages of insight according to Graham Wallace.

Preparation, Incubation, Flash of illumination, Verification.

What is another term for the 'Aha! Moment'?

Insight.

Who is referred to as the father of counseling psychology?

Carl Rogers.

What 4 therapeutic factors in group therapy did Yalom develop?

Universality, Instillation of Hope, Interpersonal learning, and Group cohesion.

What did Charles Cooley first describe?

Social groups.

Differentiate between primary and secondary social groups.

Primary groups share close relationships; secondary groups are larger and goal-oriented.

Define the risky shift phenomenon in group per social psychology.

A group polarization effect where group decisions reduce self-restraint.

What does bystander apathy refer to?

The assumption that someone else will help in a crisis.

List the eight fields of Roe's theory.

Service, Business Contact, Organization, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, Arts & Entertainment.

What are the six levels of Roe's career levels?

Professional, Managerial, Semi-professional, Skilled, Semi-skilled, Unskilled.

What are the Holland Codes?

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional.

What concept does Super's theory of career development include?

Self-concept.

How many stages of career development does Super propose?

Five stages: Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, Decline.

What does the Occupational Outlook Handbook provide?

Statistics and information for different jobs.

What does NBCC stand for?

National Board for Certified Counselors.

What does ACA stand for?

American Counseling Association.

What is an ipsative measure?

A forced choice scale that compares traits within the same individual. (ex: MUST choose preference between A and B)

What is an operational definition?

A clear and detailed definition of a measure used for data collection.

What is syllogism? (Major premise, Minor premise, Conclusion)

A logical reasoning form from general to specific. (Ex: Humans are mortal, Socrates is human, therefore Socrates is mortal)

What are intervening variables?

Variables that may alter the outcome of a research experiment.

What are three types of descriptive research?

Survey, observation, case study.

What is paradoxical intention?

A technique by Victor Frankl for clients with severe anxiety.

Who developed systematic desensitization?

Joseph Wolpe.

What is the primary concern of existential therapy?

Focus on free will, self-determination, and meaning.

What is client-centered therapy?

An approach allowing clients to steer the conversation for better self-understanding.

Describe holistic health therapy.

Integrates body, mind, spirit, and emotions.

List Erikson's stages of psychosocial development in order.

Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt, Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, Integrity vs Despair.

What is career maturity?

Degree to which individuals are prepared to make good educational and vocational choices.

Who created the Career Maturity Inventory?

Crites.

What is the normal sleep cycle stages order?

1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 5.

What is variable ratio schedule’s effect on response rate?

It typically provides a high rate of response.

What is the main function of the parietal lobe?

Processes information related to temperature, taste, touch, and movement.

What is the responsibility of the occipital lobe?

Responsible for vision.

What are the primary tasks of the frontal lobe?

Cognitive functions and voluntary movement.

What does the temporal lobe process?

Memory and connects them with our senses.

What is social connectedness?

Measure of an individual's connection to the well-being of others.

Who is known as the founder of the career guidance movement?

Frank Parsons.

Who created individual psychology?

Alfred Adler. His emphasis on the importance of feelings of belonging, relationships within the family, and birth order set him apart from Freud and others in their common circle.

Name the founder of psychoanalysis.

Sigmund Freud.

What therapy did Ellis develop?

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).

What type of personality test is the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire?

A self-report personality test.

What does the Myers Briggs Type Inventory measure?

How people perceive the world and make decisions.

What do the WISC and WAIS assess?

Cognitive intelligence.

What does OARS stand for in motivational interviewing?

Motivational interviewing technique: Open-ended questions, Affirmations, Reflective listening, Summary.

What does paradoxical intention involve?

Exaggerating thoughts for clients with severe anxiety.

What is the focus of CBT?

Modifying emotions, behaviors, and thoughts.

What are the 4 types of generativity according to Erikson?

Biological, parental, technical, and cultural.

What is denial in Freud's defense mechanisms?

The simplest form of defense.

What does standard error of measurement indicate?

a statistical measure that indicates how much a person's repeated scores on the same test are likely to vary around their "true" score, essentially representing the degree of error inherent in a measurement tool, and is directly related to the test's reliability; a larger SEM signifies less precise measurements and lower reliability on a test. 

What is the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory?

The stage with abstract thought beginning at ages 11-12.

What type of partial reinforcement yields the best response?

Variable-ratio schedules.

What is the correct order of Tucker & Jensen’s stages of group development? adjourning, norming, storming, forming, performing

FNSPA

Which career theorist talked about life roles?

Donald Super.

What is the ethical stance on client testimonials?

Prohibited under any circumstances.

How should a licensed professional counselor present their credentials?

By listing their highest degree in counseling (e.g., Jane Doe, MA, LPC).

What do personality tests measure?

Typical performance.

What is the purpose of an operational definition?

Outlines a procedure for measurement.

Is it true that members of a counseling group high in authoritarianism score high in independence?

False.

When does abstract thought begin in children according to Piaget?

In the Formal Operational Stage, around ages 11-12.

What is Ellis' ABC model?

Activating event > belief > cognition (where rational belief leads to healthy positive thought).

What should a counselor do when suspecting a minor client is being abused?

Call the child abuse hotline to report the incident.

Who has most extensively researched and described the concept of career maturity?

Crites

2 people take the same test and receive different scores. To determine if the differences in scores is the result of chance, a counselor would need to know which of the following characteristics of the test?

Standard error of measurement

What are Ginzberg’s 3 stage of career development?

The Fantasy Stage: childhood, Tentative Stage: adolescence, Realistic Stage: teens and beyond

One of the first formal therapeutic groups was held by:

Joseph Pratt (in 1905)

What is Freud's idea of the preconscious mind?

It contains both hidden memories and what is currently happening.

What is true about counseling within a cultural context?

Personal identity becomes more clearly defined

Which theorist believed in the Zone Of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

Vygotsky

A person viewing a situation as good or bad or right or wrong is using:

Dualistic thinking

What are Kohlberg’s 6 stages of moral reasoning?

stages: 1. obedience and punishment orientation 2. individualism and exchange 3. good interpersonal relationships 4. maintaining the social order 5. social contract and individual rights 6. universal principles.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has three progressive levels ending in:

Principled thought

According to Piaget's stages of moral judgment, a child younger than age ten will judge the egregiousness of an action by what?

By the amount of damage caused

According to Piaget, moral judgement is broken down into 2 age brackets, what are they?

Under age 10: measured by amount of damage caused

Over age 10: considering the intention behind the action

CBT was invented by who?

Aaron Beck

Who created systematic desensitization?

Wolpe

Variable Interval Schedules reward after____

A varying amount of time

What is a fixed ratio scale?

A reinforcement schedule that provides rewards after a set number of responses.

What did Carl Jung believe the Shadow was?

The unconscious part of the personality that contains repressed weaknesses, desires, and instincts.

What did the Tarasoff case create?

Duty to warn

What is diffused responsibility?

The more people present, the less likely it is that any 1 person will take action

What is social loafing?

When a person’s performance declines when in a group setting (specifically in like group projects)

Who coined the term Operant Conditioning through reinforcement and punishment?

BF Skinner

What is a Participating style of group leadership?

a style of group leadership including low task-orientation and high relationship focus

What is a Delegating style of group leadership?

a style of group leadership including low task-orientation and low relationship focus

What are the 5 types of Therapeutic Alliances?

Transpersonal, I-You, working alliances, reparative relationships, and transferential/counter transferential relationships.

Sweeny thought which 5 actions best form therapeutic alliance? (I, E, P, B, L)

Intrinsic, Extrinsic, Present focus, Behavior focus, and Learning focus