AP Psychology - Learning, Cognition, Motivation: Test 2

Spacing Effect

spreading information out so it is committed to memory easier

Self Referencing

relating information to yourself so you can remember it better

Overlearning

studying more than necessary

Testing effect

actively testing yourself to help remember something

atkinson shiffrin model

explains how memories move through our brain to get to long term memory

sensation memory

allows us to hold a representation of sensory

iconic memory

visual sensory memory

echoic memory

auditory sensory memory

sperling’s test

flashing letters with different tones (high medium low)

short term memory

limited capacity, only for 20 seconds

miller’s magic number

we can remember approximately 7 unrelated things in our short term memory

working memory

a combination of LTM and STM

long term memory

limitless in capacity

episodic memory

specific event/period, (ex: car crash)

semantic memory

memory for information and facts

procedural memory

specific actions, implicit memory (muscle memory)

encoding specificity principle

we retrieve information best when we can recreate original learning condition

context dependent memory

dependent on environment

state dependent memory

dependent on physical state

mood congruent memory

recalls memories in line with current mood

eidetic memory

goes away as we age, fades quickly (photographic memory)

tip of the tongue phenomenon

when you know what you want to say but cannot find the words

primacy effect

we remember the first things in a list

recency effect

we remember the last things in a list because we have heard them more recently

serial position effect

we remember the first and last things in a list

semantic distinctiveness

takes into account the number of different semantic concepts a word takes place in

eyewitness recall

danger of applying schemas, constructive memory, and leveling

reconsolidation

every time we replace a memory we replace the original with a slightly modified version

imagination inflation

when subjects imagine a situation happening to them, they later believe this is reality

source amnesia

remembering information but not where it came from

mandela effect

people make up memories by combining other knowledge

herman ebbinghaus

forgetting curve

proactive interference

prior knowledge/experience stops you from learning/remembering something new

retroactive interference

new knowledge/experience makes you forget what you remembered prior

retrograde amnesia

forgetting past memories

anterograde amnesia

unable to create future memories

repression

not remembering something because it is upsetting

encoding failure

not paying attention, no rehearsal of information

aging

our memory declines as we age

elizabeth loftus

reforming memories

tulving

retrieval clues help retrieve long term memory

concepts

ideas we group together because they share some properties or characteristics. (superordinate, basic category, subordinate)

formal concept

specific rules that define it (ex: square)

natural concepts

formed by everyday experiences, no formal rules (ex: home)

prototype

a model, or best example of a thing/natural concept

convergent

one way to get to a solution of a problem

divergent

many ways to get to a solution of a problem

hindsight bias

looking back you think an answer is obvious

gambler’s fallacy

thinking there is a pattern in a random event

sunk-cost fallacy

when you put a lot of money/time into something that isn’t working out and you cant give up

genie

didn’t speak to anyone for 13 years

behaviorist language theory

language is learned through operant conditioning, skinner

nativist language theory

humans are born with an innate ability to learn language, chomsky

interactionist/functionalist language theory

combination of behaviorist and nativist

phoneme

sounds of a language

morpheme

smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning

receptive language

listening and understanding

productive language

speaking

overregularization

“i goed to the store”

whorfian hypothesis

language determines the way someone thinks

steven pinker

learning new language helps think better

alternative uses test

measures functional fixedness and divergent thinking

functional fixedness

thinking something only works as one use

mental set

expectation of how youre supposed to use something

implicit assumption

unwritten rules that don’t exist on how to use something

algorithm

step by step method that gurantees an outcome

heuristics

shortcuts in problem solving, estimating

availability heuristic

we judge the probability of an event happening based on what comes to mind first

representative heuristic

stereotypes in our mind, schema

deductive reasoning

find a general statement, more accurate

inductive reasoning

take a specific statement and apply to general group, less accurate

confirmation bias

only looking for facts that confirm your beliefs

belief perseverance

we do not like to give up our beliefs once they are formed

cognitive dissonance

we switch our beliefs to match our actions

self-serving bias

we are more favorable towards ourselves

overconfidence

more confident than we should be

dunning-krueger effect

when we know less we are more confident