Animal Evolution and Diversity

What are the three multicellular kingdoms?

Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

What type of feeders are plants?

Autotrophs.

What type of feeders are animals?

Ingestive heterotrophs.

What type of feeders are fungi?

Absorptive heterotrophs.

How are animals classified compared to other groups?

Based on cell structure and specialization.

What is collagen?

Structural proteins in animal cells because they lack cell walls.

What are tissues?

Groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit, isolated by membranous layers.

What are the types of tissue unique to animals?

Muscle and nervous tissue.

What is the hierarchical body plan?

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

How do most animals reproduce?

Most reproduce sexually and are diploid dominated.

What is cleavage in animal development?

Cell division without growth between divisions, leads to blastula formation.

What is a blastula?

A hollow ball of cells that undergoes gastrulation.

What does gastrulation form?

A gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues.

How is animal classification determined?

By embryonic development, cleavage, layers, coelom, and blastospore fate.

What are the two types of body plan symmetry?

Radial and bilateral.

What defines radial symmetry?

No front, back, left, or right; typical in cnidaria.

What defines bilateral symmetry?

Only one possible cut can be made; dominates the tree of life.

What are protosomes?

Animals with spiral cleavage, determinate fate, where the blastopore becomes the mouth.

What are deuterostomes?

Animals with radial cleavage, indeterminate fate, where the blastopore becomes the anus.

What are the three embryonic layers?

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.

What is the characteristic of Porifera?

They lack true tissues and are represented by sponges.

What does diploblastic mean?

Having two tissue types: ectoderm and endoderm.

What does triploblastic mean?

Having three tissue types: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

What is a coelom?

A body cavity.

What are coelomates?

Animals with a true coelom within the mesoderm.

What are acoelomates?

Animals with no body cavity.

How do protostome coelom formation occur?

Solid masses of mesoderm split to form the coelom.

How do deuterostome coelom formation occur?

Mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom.

What are choanoflagellates?

Closely associated protists with animals.

Describe Kingdom Animalia.

Monophyletic group of heterotrophs with tissues and a digestive system that can move.

When did the last common ancestor of animals live?

700-770 million years ago.

What are porocytes?

Cells in porifera that span the body wall to make pores for water flow.

What is the osculum in porifera?

The large opening for water output.

What is eumetazoa?

True animals with true tissues.

What defines cnidaria?

Radial symmetry, diploblastic structure, and tentacles with cnidocytes.

What are the two stages of cnidaria?

Sessile polyp and motile medusa.

What is the significance of bilateria?

It opened up possibilities for diverse body plans.

What are the clades of Bilateria?

Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia.

What is ecdysozoa?

Animals with a cuticle, shed exoskeleton through ecdysis, and often segmented bodies.

What are lophotrochozoans?

Animals with a feeding structure called a lophophore, includes mollusca and annelida.

What does deuterostomia include?

Both vertebrates and invertebrates.

What defines chordata?

The only vertebrate group in deuterostomia with a notochord and dorsal hollow nerve chord.