Animal Evolution and Diversity

Multicellular Kingdoms - fungi, plantae, animalia

Plant feeding - autotroph

Animal feeding - injestive heterotroph

Fungi feeding - absorptive heterotroph

How are animals classified compared to other groups - cell structure and specilization

Collagen - structural proteins in animal cells because they lack cell walls

Tissues - groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit, isolated by membranous layers

Types of tissue - epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous (last 2 unique to animals)

Hierarchical Body Plan - atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Reproduction of animals - most sexually, diploid dominated, our gametes are produced directly from us (meiosis)

Why is animal development important - helps us differentiate between animals

Cleavage - cell division without growth between divisions, leads to blastula formation, not mitosis because cells stay as one thing

blastula - A hollow ball of cells that undergoes gastrulation, infoldings set up what animal will develop into

gastrulation - forms a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues

Animal Classification - embryonic development, embryonic cleavage, embryonic layers, coelem, blastospore phate

Body Plan Symmetry - radial and bilateral, influences how we interact with environments (digestion and mobility)

Radial - no front, back, left, right, not as complex, cnidaria

bilateral - only 1 cut can be made, dominates tree of life,

Embryonic Development/Cleavage - protosome and deuterosome

Protosome - cleavage spirally (does a twist) , determinate, blastospore becomes mouth

deuterostome - cleave radially (symmetrical), indeterminate, maternal cells split --> can still become 2 organisms, blastospore becomes anus

Embryonic Layers - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Ectoderm - outside tissues, skin

endoderm - inner tissues, digestive

mesoderm - middle tissues

Porifera - lack tissues, sponges

Diploblastic - 2 tissue types, ecto and endoderm, cnidarians

Triploblastic - 3 tissue types, ecto, endo, meso, all bilaterians

Coelem - body cavity, coelomates, hemocoelomates, acoelomates

coelomates - true coelem within mesoderm, humans

hemocoelomates - pseudocoelem, between endo and meso

acoelomates - no body cavity

Protosome coelom formation - solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom

Deuterostome coelom formation - mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom

choanoflagellates - closely associated protist with animals (molecular and morphological data), each cell develops and acts individually

Kingdom animalia - monophyletic, heterotrophs, have tissues, digestive system, can move

Last animal common ancestor - 700-770 MYA, resembled choanoflagellates

porifera - basal animals (sponges), lack true tissues and organs, suspension feeders (have pores to capture food in h20 passing through body), not true animal, sedentary

Choanocytes - in porifera, flagella circulates water, food capture

Amoebocyte - in porifera, nutrient transport, produce skeletal fibers (spicules)

porocytes - in porifera, span body wall to make pores so water can come in

osculum - in porifera, large opening for water

Least to most specific classification - metazoa, eumetozoa, bilateria

Eumetazoa - true animals with true tissues

Cnidaria - radial, diploblastic, inclues jellies, corals, and hydras, tentacles have cnidocytes to capture prey, sac with a central gastrovascular cavity, single opening mouth and anus

Two cnidaria stages - sessile polyp or motile medusa

Bilateria - most animals, opened up possibility for diverse body plans, mostly came about during cambrian explosion, mouth and anus on opposite ends (complete digestive tract)

Clades of Bilateria - ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia

Ecdysozoa - have cuticle, shed exoskeleton through ecysis, protostomes, hard chitin exoskeleton, segmented body and joint appendages

Lophotrochozoans - a feeding structure called a lophophore, inclues mollusca and annelida, distinct developmental stage called trochophore larva, flatworms, rotifers

deuterostomia - only group with vertebrates and invertebrates

chordata - only vertebrate in deuterostoma, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, muscular post anal tail, vertebrates (we had these traits as embryos)