Studied by 0 peopleImperialism Definition
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force (manifest destiny taken global)
Imperialists in America
Captains of Industry/Patriotic Americans
Presidents McKinley & T. Roosevelt, Admiral Mahan
Imperialism locations America
Latin America & the Pacific Ocean regions- Puerto Rico, Panama, Hawaii, Philippines & China
Hawaii Imperialism
Importance: economic importance- ability to grow sugar + stopping point for merchants on their way to China, military importance
Acquired: white business owners overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy with help from the Marines and replaced it with their government
People: white sugar plantation owners, US military, Marines, Sanford B Dole, William McKinley
= new Hawaiian government recognized by the US but wasn’t annexed until 1898, officially became a state in 1959
Puerto Rico Imperialism
Importance: Allowed US to maintain presence in the Caribbean + protect the future of their plans to build panama canal
Acquired: Spanish-American war and was under military rule until they were given a civil government in 1900
People: US Military, Spanish Military, US Congress, Puerto Rico citizens, General Nelson
=Puerto Rico remains US territory, run by a civil government with Puerto Ricans voting for both houses of legislature and the US president appointing their governor, have US citizenship, cannot vote in the US presidential election
Cuba Imperialism
Importance: wanted to buy Cuba because of its large sugar cane plantations
Aqcuired: had a second war for its independence from Spain. Jose Marti counted on provoking US intervention to help the rebels free Cuba
People: Jose Marti launched revolution organizing Cuban resistance from Spain, destroying property and making campaigns. Destroyed American plantations and sugar mills
=Spain responded to the revolt by sending General Weyler to Cuba to restore order who in turn tried to herd the rural population into concentration camps, made headlines in U.S., and angered Americans
Philippines Imperialism
Importance: Spanish were worried the Americans were going to invade Cuba. Americans fought in the first battle of the war which took place in the Philippines
Acquired: Americans joined forces with Filipino rebels and Spanish troops ended up surrendering to the U.S.
People: Commodore George Dewey gave the command to open fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila. Dewey and his men had destroyed every ship there by an hour
= Senate approved a treaty in Paris that ended the war and left the United States with an empire including Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
China Imperialism
Importance: had a vast potential market for American products, presented investors with new opportunities for large-scale railroad construction
Acquired: Letters addressed to imperialist nations already in China proposed that the nations share their trading rights with the U.S., creating an open door for the U.S. Also put down Chinese rebellions with the help of other imperialist nations
People: John Hay issued the Open Door Notes which allowed America to have more power and influence in China, Chinese secret societies like the Boxers rebelled against imperialist control and were stopped by the imperialist countries
=worked to open American market in China and killed thousands of Chinese people to stop Chinese rebellion, Anti-Imperialist League grew and many people were able to agree that the U.S. ruling another country without their consent was wrong
Panama Imperialism
Importance: U.S. desired a canal that cut across Central America, would greatly reduce the travel time it took for military and commercial ships by having the canal act as a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Panama was a location that suited the canal
Acquired: French had a route to build a canal in Panama, and let America buy it. Needed Columbia’s permission which ruled Panama, instead U.S. warships were present during a Panamanian rebellion in which they declared independence. Panama and the U.S. signed a treaty in which the U.S. would pay $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000 for an area of land across Panama
People: Philippe Bunau-Varilla, an agent from a French Company that attempted to construct a canal in Panama convinced America to buy its route. The President and Congress agreed to buy it and Bunau-Varilla helped organize the Panamanian rebellion
=Counstructing canal was difficult-many workers lost their lives from accidents and disease. After the canal opened and many merchant ships passed through, Latin America harbored ill-will to the U.S. for decades because of their support of the rebellion in Panama
Mexico Imperialism
Importance: Warn Mexican authorities of potential “actions” U.S. military on Mexico if American lives and property were threatened
Acquired: U.S. gov ordered two military incursions into Mexico, first entailed an invasion and occupation of the city of Veracruz in 1914, second was the “Punitive Expedition” of 1916-1917, commanded by General John J. Pershing
People: Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata- Leaders of the rebellion, Woodrow Wilson- refused to recognize Huetras Government, John J. Pershing- A general who was sent to capture Villa
=Carranza ruled oppressively until 1920 when Alvaro Obregón came to power. Obregón’s presidency markedend of civil war and the beginning of reform.
Foreign Policies achieved in early 20th century
expanded its access to foreign markets to ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy
U.S. built a modern navy to protect its interests abroad.
United States exercised its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America.
Militarism
Building armed forces intimidate other countries (Britain & Germany arms race, Great White Fleet)
Alliances
Treaties for mutual defense and agreement-teams (Pan-Slavism-Russia + Serbia)
Imperialism
A powerful country takes over other countries (want $$ — natural resources) (Scramble for Africa, Philippines)
Patriotic Nationalism
People wanted to prove their country was better
Country-Making Nationalism
Each ethnic group wanted to have a country of its own(Serbian people want their own country)
Isolationism & Supporting Arguments
Wish to remain of the war
Tradition (stay out of Europeans)
People are trying to make $ off of the war (profiteering)
War is evil (morality)
Didn’t want to see our men die
Wilson “kept us out of war”
Internationalism
Act as “watchdog” of the war
Immigrants from all countries involved
Germans attacked 1st =”bad guys”
Economic ties w/ Allies ($$$; goods on CREDIT)
Propaganda
Chain of Events That Led to U.S. Entry into the Great War:
German U‐boat Response (Unrestricted Submarine Warfare)
Increasing U.S. Propaganda
Sinking of the Arabic
Sinking of the Sussex (Unrestricted Submarine Warfare)
Sussex Pledge
No end to British Blockade
German Response “We’ll sink ALL boats!” (USW)
Zimmerman Telegram
April 6, 1917—Congress declares war on Germany
Zimmerman Telegram
revealed a plan to renew unrestricted submarine warfare and to form an alliance with Mexico and Japan if the United States declared war on Germany
Women in the War
stepped up into jobs that had previously been held by men, held many occupations, volunteered at Red Cross facilities, encouraged the selling of bonds and planting of victory gardens
Great Migration
African Americans wanted to escape discrimination, more job opportunities in the North. The decrease in European immigration left jobs open for African Americans to take + Northerner recruiters sent recruiting agents to distribute free railroad passes in the South
War Industries Board
Bernard M. Baruch was the leader, impacted America by standardizing products, raising retail prices and corporate profits
Food Administration
Herbet Hoover was the leader, urged people to have meatless, sweetless, and wheatless days to conserve food, had people plant food and grow it + set a high price on wheat and other staples, —> farmers add more acres into production—> increase income by almost 30%
George Creel
persuaded artists and advertising agents to create many propaganda pieces promoting the war. He ordered a printing of nearly 2.5 million copies of “How the War Came to America” and distributed booklets, pamphlets and leaflets with the help of Boy Scouts. Supported the war efforts in America
Espionage Act and Sedition Act
a person could be fined up to $10k and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the gov or war effort —> the prosecutions of many for “antiwar” activities and even prevented some people from holding jobs if they opposed the war
Yellow Journalism
a style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts/exaggerated propaganda
What Sparked WW1?
Gavrilo Princip from Serbian nationalist society Black Hand assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Election of 1916
Woodrow Wilson reelected “he kept us out of war”
Lusitania
German submarine (U-boat) U-20 torpedoed and sank the Lusitania, a British cruise liner 1,195 perished, including 123 Americans.
Roosevelt Corollary
a speech in which Roosevelt stated that European intervention in the Western Hemisphere was over. It let Latin American countries know that the U.S. would intervene to maintain peace and stability in the region
Rough Riders
Fighting unit in Cuba, the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt.
Schenck vs. U.S.
United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 and concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during World War I.
Why did Trench Warfare happen?
the machine gun—capable of bringing down row after row of soldiers from a distance on the battlefield. This weapon, along with barbed wire and mines, made movement across open land both difficult and dangerous.
U.S.S Maine
sent to Cuba to protect the interests of Americans there after a rebellion against Spanish rule broke out in Havana, the ship was blown up by a mine, but U.S. blamed Spanish —> tensions
Zeppelin
used almost from the opening of the war for getting information by flying over enemy lines far above gunnery range, became clear that the war would be long —> sent to bomb British cities
Treaty of Versailles
signed by Germany and the Allied Nations on June 28, 1919, ending WW1, required that Germany pay financial reparations, disarm, lose territory, and give up all of its overseas colonies + plan to form a League of Nations—U.S. did not join or sign
Fourteen Points
Wilson's ideas regarding nations' conduct of foreign policy, including freedom of the seas and free trade and the concept of national self-determination, vision for peace in a post-war world, focused on Nationalism
Note
Flashcard