7.1 Ap World

In the first 20 years of the 20th century, rebellions took place in what places?

Russia, China, and Mexico

What was the result of these rebellions?

• Leaders were overthrown and new philosophies and policies were put in place

• Established empires collapse due to internal and external forces

Describe the INTERNAL problems of Russia

1. Russia was not actively promoting economic growth

2.  Slow to expand education for peasants

3.  Slow to build roads and other transportation networks

4.  Did Not support entrepreneurs with loans and contracts

5.  Tsarist government resisted calls for reform

6.   Reluctant to recognize civil liberties and allow more citizens to participate in the government

Why did Russia become weaker in international affairs?

It didn’t have a strong enough economic base to support its military.

Crimean War

1853-1856, against ottoman (supported by Great britain and France

Russo-Japanese War

1904-1905, battle for power in East Asia

Who were the Bolsheviks and what did they do?

• Led by Vladimir Lenin

• An organization representing the revolutionary working class of Russia

• Set up a communist government

Communism belief

• That workers should own means of production and this would lead to a prosperous and just society.

The new Soviet (communist)  government did the following

1.  Abolished private trade

2.  Distributed peasants crops to feed urban workers

3.   Took over heavy industries and factories

Internal - Bloody Sunday

• 1905, workers peacefully marched to petition the tsar for better working conditions, higher wages, and universal suffrage. The tsar began shooting and killed many workers. 

Internal - Revolution of 1905

• Workers went on strike in opposition to blood sunday. The tsar tried to appease them but it ended with many being exiled, killed, or injured.

External Russo-Japanese War

• russia was defeated by Japan in a war to expand their power in Korea and Manchuria (First time an east asian state defeated a european power)

External - WWI

•  When Germany declared war on Russia in 1914, Russia realized how poorly trained and armed their troops were. Many civilians faced food shortages. 

Describe the effect of the Bolsheviks taking power over Russia and spreading communism

• Was the first example of communists running a large country

• Scared the capitalist governments 

• The conflict between capitalism and communism shaped many affairs in the rest of the 20th century

Qing Dynasty lasted:

1644-1911

• Ethnic Tension

• China consisted of many ethnic groups

  • Han were the largest and the rulers were Manchus (northeast of China)

  • Many Han didn’t fully accept the Qing

  • The Qing continued to rule while also remaining ethnically distinct

Famine

•  Experienced rapid population growth between mid-1700s and mid-1800s, but could not expand farmland or productivity rapidly enough to accommodate 

  • Any natural disaster (dought, flood, etc) could kill many civilians

Government Revenue

• Government revenue was low due to low taxes

  • The tax system hadn’t been updated to accommodate the changes in the economy

  • The government didn’t have the means to further/fund their public works (roads, railways, irrigation canals)

Describe the European influence on China in the late 18th century

• Europans could only trade in canton (Guangzhou)

• Desired rhubarb, tea, porcelain, and silk

  • Chinese fashions, table settings and artworks were popular

• Chinese received European silver in exchange but did not desire European goods

What did Chinese people do in response to European influence in China? How did the Chinese feel about Europeans?

• Looked down on Europe as violent

• Many rallied behind the empress in response to Europe's growing influence

Who led the movement against the Qing?

Sun Yat-Sen

Despite being a Christian, Yat-Sen believed China should continue to follow confucian traditions like

1.  loyalty

2.  Respect for ancestors

3.   Efforts to promote social harmony

The Three People’s Principles: Democracy

• Believed in sovereignty for those who were “able”

  • The country would be governed by active and pragmatic experts in the name of the people

  • Expelling foreign capitalists would allow for revenue to be distributed for the people

The Three People’s Principles: Nationalism

Advocated patriotism and loyalty to central authority

The Three People’s Principles: Livelihood

Wanted to end unequal wealth distribution and economic exploitation

Why could Sun never rule all of China? What did he do in response to this weakness?

• He did not have enough military strength

• Gave up the position to a military leader

Describe the future for the Sun led Chinese Nationalist Party

• Regain power and rule for 2 decades (never fully implement Sun’s principles)

• Lose a civil war with Chinese communists

The Ottoman Empire (the Sick Man of Europe) had which two bad things going on?

1. Few exports

2. Waning agricultural economy

Who were the Young Turks and what did they want? Include the word Turkification. 

• Reformers who advocated for a European like constitution and Turkification (movement to force the multiethnic empire to subscribe to the heavily islamic turkish ways)

  • Hard for many armenians who were mostly christian

  • Young Turks scapegoated the armenians for the economic problems

Why did he Turks resent Europe?

1. Economic policies

2.   Given undue power due to foreign investments

3.   Imposed trade privileges that were unprofitable for the ottomans

Who did the Ottoman Empire side with in WWI and why?

• Germany

• Due to resentments

What was the result of WWI for the ottomans empire?

• Ottoman empire was dismantled and replaced by a smaller nation-state (the Republic of turkey) and other independent nations

Why was the Ottoman Empire considered a puppet state?

Sultan lacked power and was controlled by British

What was the Turkish National Group? Who were they led by and what did they achieve in 1923?

• Organized an army to fight for self-determination (led by Mustafa Kemal)

• Defeated British and others in 1921

• Established the republic of turkey in 1923 with Kemal as president

Ataturk

Father of the Turks

His policies focused on being more like Western Democracies. How did he do this?

1. Established unisex public education

2.  Abolished polygyny

3.  Expanded suffrage to include women

4.   Wore and encouraged others to wear western style clothes

Describe what Mexico was like under Porfirio Diaz

• Independent nation

• He oversaw a period of stability and some economic progress

• Allowed foreign investors (ex: US) control over Mexico’s resources

• Top, wealthy 1% controlled 97% of land

  • Typical mexican peasants were landless

What were the major causes of the Mexican Revolution? (4 things)

1. Jailed Francisco madero (his presidential opposition)

2. Growing opposition to his: strong armed policies

   1. Accommodation  to foreign powers

   2. Opposition to land reforms

Who was Francisco “Pancho Villa”? 

Leader of Maderos troops who led them to defeating Mexico’s troops and sending Diaz into exile

Who was Emiliano Zapata?

Revolutionary leader who began the process of redistributing land to impoverished peasants

Describe the two results of the conflicts in Mexico from 1910 - 1930.

1.  New constitution (1917) with goals of land redistribution, universal suffrage, and public education (continues to guide Mexican government)

2.  Institutional revolutionary party, though regarded as corrupt, controlled most of Mexican politics

   1. Until 2000 all presidents were PRI members