FINAL - Social Psych

Generational Influence

cultural belief or norm that continues as people who started it leave and newer member remain

Autokinetic Effect

optical illusion that occurs when we think a stationary light is moving

Studies that showed conformity

Asch Line Study, AutoKintetic Effect

Informational Social Influence

Follow along to the apparent social norm because we wish to be correct

Theory of Informational and Normative Influence

idea that there are two ways social norms cause conformity

Mass Psychogenic Illness

Social contagious physical symptoms with no physical cause

Social Contagion

Spontaneous distribution of ideas, attitudes, and behaviors among larger groups of people

Herd Mentality

tendency to blindly follow the group one is apart of to fit in by moving in the same direction

Example of Social Contaigon

yawning, ALS ice bucket challenge, copycat suicides

Example of Mass Psychogenic Illness

laughing outbreak, gas in school epidemic

Example of Informational Social Influence

At a fancy restaurant and don’t know what fork to use — one might look around to copy others

Example of Herd Mentality

buying the most popular clothes, iphones

Social Influence

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors change because of pressure from social world - 2 categories implicit and explicit

Implicit Expectations

Unspoken rules enforced by group norms that influence our behavior

Examples of implicit expectations

social roles, conformity

Conformity

Implicit social influence where we voluntarily change our behavior to imitate those around us

Explicit Expectations

written or clearly stated expectations for social behavior

Examples of explicit expectations

compliance, and obedience

Social Roles

expectations about how people are “supposed” to act based on their position

Examples of Social Roles

student (studying, attending class), parents (loving, teaching), teacher (modest, kind)

Compliance

explicit social influence when we behave in a response to a direct or indirect request — no punishment

Examples of compliance

giving up seat on the bus when someone asks , Asch Study

Obedience

Explicit social influence when we behave in response to an order from someone with power over us

Example of Obedience

Giving wallet when being attacked, Milgram experiement

Group Norms

Implicit (unwritten) rules about how people should behave

Descriptive norms

Perception of what most people do in a given situation

Example descriptive norms

clapping at a concert when others do, littering because others do

Injuctive Norms

perception of what we should do in a given situation

Example of Injuctive Norms

turn phone off at the movies, wash hands after going to the bathroom, walking on the right side of the stairs

Asch Study

Looking at lines and matching them by size — in this study people often conformed to what the group members said even if obviously wrong after trials where they all agreed z

Food Accumulation Hypothesis

The idea that cultural views of conformity originate from that groups relationship too food and culture type (individualist vs collectivist)

Deindividuation

Self-awareness is replaced by a social role or group identity, in a sense we forget who we are

Deindividuation example

Stanford Prisoner Experiment, becoming aggressive during a game, misbehaving more on halloween

Disinhibition

Loosing of social restraints when someone feels anonymous or not identifiable

Example of Dishibition

Online stalking, stealing more candy when wearing a mask

Milgram Study

Participants were instructed to deliver some level of shock to an innocent stranger

Group Cohesion

degree to which group members feel connected with everyone else, work harmoniously and resist threats

Initiation effect

Value groups more if they’re hard to get into

Effort Justification

value something more because you have worked hard for it

Independence Theory

Prisoner’s Dilemma

Stockholm Syndrome

Example of maltreatment effect happens when a captive develops attraction for their captors

Maltreatment effect

When hazing elicits social dependency, which ironically promotes loyalty to the group - “I must really like these people to go through all of this”

Rejection sensitivity

The fear of social rejection and ostracism — when feeling this there is a trigger in the part of our brain that registers physical pain

Norm of reciprocity

Optimal distinctiveness theory

Brewer’s idea that we can both achieve the advantages of being seen as a unique and important individual AND an identifiable member of a small and elite group

Social Facilitation

increase in effort and performance in the presence of others — tends to be simple well-known tasks

Mere Presence Hypothesis

having people in the room increases our arousal and can affect our performance on different tasks — even if they aren’t actively watching us

Evaluation Apprehension Hypothesis

having other people in the room will affect your task performance because of your anxiety that they are judging you

Social Loafing

When people working in a group reduce their individual amount of effort

Process Loss

reduction of effort in group settings that comes from a lack of motivation

Coordination Loss

a lack of cooperation and communication weakens a group’s effectiveness or increases social loafing

Diffusion of Responsibility

Feeling less responsible for an outcome due to the presence of others

Contingency theory of leadership

the idea that the best leadership style depends on the given group dynamics

Protestant work ethic

People who value discipline, commitment and hardwork

Risky shift

the tendency of groups to make riskier decisions after a discusssion compared to individuals

Group polarization

group makes more extreme decisions after a discussion toward either or more or less risky position

Group think

the tendency for people in cohesive groups to minimze conflict by agreeing with each other despite doubts they might have

Leader personality traits

Task: focuses on completing goals, tasks, and meeting deadlines, Social: focuses on building teamwork, and providing emotional support, Transactional: uses rewards and punishments to motivate group, Transformational: uses inspiration and cohesion to motivate members

Spiral of silence

fear of rejection leads people to keep silent about a private opinon

Pluralistic Ignorance

majority of individuals in a group get the false impression that others do not share their private perspective because no one is speaking up

Realistic group conflict theory

Contact Hypothesis

Social Dominance theory

Stereotype threat