Issues and Impacts

Environmental impacts of manufacturing digital devices

• Getting raw minerals

• Water usage

• Energy usage

How to reduce environmental impacts of manufacturing

• Reducing usage

• Reusing devices

• Recycling devices

• Longer replacement cycles

• Designing for repairs and upgrades

How to reduce environmental impacts of running devices

• More efficient cooling systems

• More efficient energy storage

• Tax on digital activity

Systems that control and monitor the environment

• Traffic control

• Air conditioning and heating systems

• Car management systems

E-waste

Discarded electronic equipment

Benefits of recycling

• Don’t need to mine new materials

• Can recover valuable metals

• Plastics recycled

• Reduced landfills

• Reduced leakage / fires in landfills

Driving a short replacement cycle

Upgrade incapability and ‘must-have’ attitude

Lengthening the replacement cycle

• Using old devices for longer

• Donating devices

• Recycling devices

• Refurbishing devices

Types of malware

• Worm - self-replicates without humans

• Virus - self-copying code

• Trojan - malware disguised as something harmless

• Keylogger (spyware) - monitors and records keystrokes

• Ransomware - encrypts files and demands ransom

Antimalware methods

• Checks for known malware signatures - must be known and file kept up to date

• Heuristic analysis - static checks for malicious code, dynamic runs the code in a sandbox

Social engineering methods

• Phishing - fake emails and messages

• Blagging - made-up story / persona

• Baiting - ‘free gift’

• Quid pro quo - service in exchange for information

Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)

• limits on internet access

• prevent downloading files / software

• prevent plugging in external devices

• prevent users from removing files from the premises

• training to recognise phishing

• training to not give out information on the phone

• multi-factor authentication

Encryption

Converting data into an illegible format so that only authorised parties with the key can understand it

Backup and recovery

Creating a copy of a file / data and storing it in another location

Can be: incremental / full, automatic / manual, onsite / offsite, online / offline

Access control

Prevents access / damage to systems or data by unauthorised individuals

(Multi-factor) Authentication

Checks the identity of the person trying to gain access

Something you know and something you are / have

Physical security

• CCTV

• Locks

• Biometrics

• Keeping hardware in a safe location

• Fire detection / suspension systems

Prevents loss, theft and damage