Studied by 4 people
General Zia
Military General who organized the coup
He then went on to become Pakistan’s prime minister
Died on a mysterious plane crash in 1988
India’s 9/11
2006: Attacks of pressure cooker bombs being placed on passenger cars in Mumbai
The bombs exploded and killed 189 people and wounded 800 others
2008: 10 men trained in Pakistan traveled to Mumbai by boat with assault riffles, grenades, and ,maps of targets. The targets were scouted by an American citizen of Pakistan decent. David Headley.
They targeted a train station, 2 luxury hotels, a jewish community center, and a hospital
During the 60 hour attack 166 people were killed and 300 were wounded
9 of the terrorists were killed 1 was captured, interrogated, and executed in 2012
Gujarat Riots
A train full of hindus was passing through a mainly muslim town
When the train stopped the passengers started chanting religious slogans
A scuffle broke out and one of the train carts caught fire, 59 Hindus died.
Muslims were blamed and for 2 months riots broke out and 20,000 muslim homes and businesses were burned
360 mosques were burned
1,200 muslims were killed
Conflict over Kashmir
Both India and Pakistan want control over it
Predominantly Muslim
India currently has military control over it
Pakistan is trying to get the country liberated
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Leader of the movement for Indian independence. Protested with civil disobedience.
Civil disobedience
Salt march
Spinning their own fabric
Refusing to buy British goods
Results of civil disobedience
The British suffered greatly economically that it wasn’t worth it for them to continue to sell goods in India.
The Salt March
Organized march through India to defy salt acts and salt tax. Walked 240 miles to the coast in order to make salt.
Government of India Act
Gave India the right to local self- government that was an attempt to compromise to give the Indians some authority.
Post ww2 problems in India
Gandhi continued to demand independence while GB demanded India’s devotion to war
Quit India Campaign
Great Britain was exhausted from the war
Parts of London had been reduced to rubble
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muslim leader who wanted a separate country. Pakistan’s first leader but died only a year after the country was created.
Muslim League
Political party that supported Muslims. They wanted a separate state from India and would not accept a Hindu run country.
Jawaharlal Nehru
First prime minister of India serving for 16 years. He was relatively secular and led a democracy. He was in power when the Indian constitution takes affect.
Calcutta Riots
“Direct Action” for a Muslim homeland.
Muslim vs. Hindus
Lasted for 3 days in August 1946
4,000 people died
Gandhi traveled to the city and fasted until the rioting and deaths stopped.
Independence (1947)
Britain gave up the colony of India since it was no longer profitable to the British after WW2 due to riots.
Cyrus Radcliffe
British judge who drew the partition map of what would belong to India and what would belong to Pakistan. He used outdated maps and simply took a pencil and drew lines.
Partition India
12-14 million people moved across borders
Hindus left the new state of Pakistan
An estimated 1 million people were murdered during the crossover.
Partition Pakistan
12-14 million people moved across borders
Muslims departed India for pakistan
An estimated 1 million people were murdered during the crossover
Neruh’s Leadership
Did not get involved with Foreign countries
led a democracy
Relatively secular
Longest serving prime minister (16 years)
Gandhi’s Death
He was assasinated by a Hindu extremist who was upset by Gandhi’s tolerance of Muslims. He was shot.
Policy of Non-Alignment
India needed to focus on their own country and not international relations. So they stayed out of foreign affairs and didn’t align themselves.
China and Tibet
In 1950 China seized Tibet claiming it was theirs
Although Tibetans tried to fight back they were crushed
China then claimed part of Kashmir saying it belonged to Tibet. They were mad at India for helping Dalai Lama
India and China fought a Month long war along the Himalayan boarder
China still holds control over Tibet and it is a military state with no internet access.
West Pakistan Attack on East Pakistan
1971 West Pakistan Punjabis attacked the East Bengalis.
They were mad that a Bengali won office over a Punjabi
India joined in the fight ultimately winning and trapping Pakistan soldiers till 1973
Bengalis fled the country and created their own country in Pakistan Bangladesh
India and nuclear weapons
India became the 6th country with a nuclear weapon in 1974. It was named the smiling buddha and it was created after other countries signed the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty.
Poverty in India
Most of India’s population is impoverished
Prices soared so most people couldn’t afford to live
Indira Gandhi’s Emergency
People were complaining about droughts, food shortages, corruption, etc.
Indira Gandhi declared an emergency and ordered
the arrest of thousands of people
Suspended Indian bill of rights
Censored press
Jailing innocent people
Results of Indira Gandhi’s emergency
Many died from violence during riots
50,000 people were jailed after 2 months
After canceling elections voters rejected her and she was no longer India’s leader
Golden Temple Operation Blue star
A group of Sikh separatists seized the golden temple of Amritsar.
They were using the temple for refuge and arsenal
Operation Blue star was an order placed by Indira Gandhi for the India army to drive them out.
It was successful
Indira Gandhi assasination
After operation blue star was completed two of Gandhi’s body guards who were Sikhs turned on her. She was repeatedly shot by them and died in the OR. The assasins were shot and killed by other guards.
Sanjay Gandhi Death
Died in a plane crash while piloting
He was his mothers Fave
Rajiv Gandhi Death
Became Prime minister after his mom died
Died while walking through a crowd
A women kneeled as a sign of respect and triggered the explosive belt she was wearing
The bomber, Rajiv, and 14 other people died.
What things did Rajiv Support
Forced sterilization during the emergency
Sri Lanka against the Tamil Tigers
Prime Minister Rao
PM after Rajiv
Completed a 5 year term
Deng xioupin of India
Focused on the Indian Economy
Prime Minister Rao Economy
Cut taxes
Devalued the Rupee
Cut bureaucratic red tape to open country to foreign investment
Effects of Rao’s Economy
Jobs were created by factories built in India
Foreign money and exports help to fund
highways
railroads
modern harbors
airports
The country was investing in the stock market
Students went to American Universities
India’s nuclear weapons test
In 1998 India tested 3 nuclear weapons that included a thermonuclear bomb
This was nicknamed the “city buster”
Two days after the first test India tested two more weapons
This angered the world since India and Pakistan did not sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Pakistan Nuclear Tests
15 days after India’s nuclear tests Pakistan tested 5 nuclear weapons of their own
Tested neat Afghan Boarder underground
Babri Mosque incident
Hindus destroyed the Babri Mosque since they claimed it was the birthplace of the god Ram. After they stormed the neighborhood and burned Muslim owned stores and homes. 2,000 people died
Lashkar e-Taiba
Sunni Muslim militant group in Pakistan that focuses on the liberation of Jammu and Kashmir from Indian control
Prime Minister Modi
Current Prime Minister of India who took over in 2014. He lead an honest government to create jobs and opportunity. This appealed to India’s youth
BJP
Hindu Nationalist Party
Citizenship Law
Law that fast tracks citizenship for non-Indians who migrate from Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and adhere to Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Christianity. Muslims are excluded.
Zulfiqar Bhutto
Pakistani Prime minister 1973-1977
In power during the war between India and Pakistan
He was charged with ordering the assasination of his political rival
Bhutto Coup d’etat and execution
In 1977 after 4 years of power he was over thrown by a coup
In 1979 he was hanged
General Zia’s objective for Pakistan and Methods
Introduce Islamic law and create an Islamic System
He encouraged the construction of religious schools (Madrassas)
The educated young men in Islamic Ideas and prepared them for anti-communist Jihad
Pakistan’s Role in the Soviet- Afghan War
Supported the Mujahedeen
They were concerned Pakistan would be sandwiched between a communist Afghanistan and Hindu India
Pakistanis trained Afghans and distributed weapons to them
US aid to Pakistan
US wanted to combat the Soviets so they needed to win the cooperation of Zia
President Reagan approved $3.2 billion in aid to Pakistan
Zia insisted that Pakistan would decide how the money would be spent despite the US’s wishes
Taliban takeover in Afghanistan
Afghans went through anarchy and violence until the Taliban took over in 1996
Backed by Pakistan, the Taliban controlled Kabul and imposed extreme vision of Islamic law
Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program
Lead by Abdul Qadeer Khan
They were competing with India through testing and production.
In 1999 India and Pakistan agreed to halt tests
Abdul Qadeer Khan
Leader of Pakistan’s Nuclear weapon program
Developed Pakistan’s Nuclear weapon
He sold bomb making equipment and gave technical advice to Libya, North Korea, and Iran
He was pardoned for his actions
9/11 report and terrorism in Pakistan
After 9/11 the Us and foreign officials looked for indicators to determine base locations of Al- Quade
Pakistan was determined to be a likely spot
Osama Bin Laden’s death (Pakistan)
Some Taliban members hid out in the mountainous border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
2011: Bin Laden was killed in Pakistan by US seal team 6
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