Unit 3 India Test

General Zia

• Military General who organized the coup

• He then went on to become Pakistan’s prime minister

• Died on a mysterious plane crash in 1988

India’s 9/11

• 2006: Attacks of pressure cooker bombs being placed on passenger cars in Mumbai

  • The bombs exploded and killed 189 people and wounded 800 others

• 2008: 10 men trained in Pakistan traveled to Mumbai by boat with assault riffles, grenades, and ,maps of targets. The targets were scouted by an American citizen of Pakistan decent. David Headley.

  • They targeted a train station, 2 luxury hotels, a jewish community center, and a hospital

  • During the 60 hour attack 166 people were killed and 300 were wounded

  • 9 of the terrorists were killed 1 was captured, interrogated, and executed in 2012

Gujarat Riots

• A train full of hindus was passing through a mainly muslim town

• When the train stopped the passengers started chanting religious slogans

• A scuffle broke out and one of the train carts caught fire, 59 Hindus died.

• Muslims were blamed and for 2 months riots broke out and 20,000 muslim homes and businesses were burned

• 360 mosques were burned

• 1,200 muslims were killed

Conflict over Kashmir

• Both India and Pakistan want control over it

• Predominantly Muslim

• India currently has military control over it

• Pakistan is trying to get the country liberated

Mohandas K. Gandhi

Leader of the movement for Indian independence. Protested with civil disobedience.

Civil disobedience

• Salt march

• Spinning their own fabric

• Refusing to buy British goods

Results of civil disobedience

The British suffered greatly economically that it wasn’t worth it for them to continue to sell goods in India.

The Salt March

Organized march through India to defy salt acts and salt tax. Walked 240 miles to the coast in order to make salt.

Government of India Act

Gave India the right to local self- government that was an attempt to compromise to give the Indians some authority.

Post ww2 problems in India

• Gandhi continued to demand independence while GB demanded India’s devotion to war

• Quit India Campaign

• Great Britain was exhausted from the war

• Parts of London had been reduced to rubble

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muslim leader who wanted a separate country. Pakistan’s first leader but died only a year after the country was created.

Muslim League

Political party that supported Muslims. They wanted a separate state from India and would not accept a Hindu run country.

Jawaharlal Nehru

First prime minister of India serving for 16 years. He was relatively secular and led a democracy. He was in power when the Indian constitution takes affect.

Calcutta Riots

“Direct Action” for a Muslim homeland.

• Muslim vs. Hindus

• Lasted for 3 days in August 1946

• 4,000 people died

• Gandhi traveled to the city and fasted until the rioting and deaths stopped.

Independence (1947)

Britain gave up the colony of India since it was no longer profitable to the British after WW2 due to riots.

Cyrus Radcliffe

British judge who drew the partition map of what would belong to India and what would belong to Pakistan. He used outdated maps and simply took a pencil and drew lines.

Partition India

• 12-14 million people moved across borders

• Hindus left the new state of Pakistan

• An estimated 1 million people were murdered during the crossover.

Partition Pakistan

• 12-14 million people moved across borders

• Muslims departed India for pakistan

• An estimated 1 million people were murdered during the crossover

Neruh’s Leadership

• Did not get involved with Foreign countries

• led a democracy

• Relatively secular

• Longest serving prime minister (16 years)

Gandhi’s Death

He was assasinated by a Hindu extremist who was upset by Gandhi’s tolerance of Muslims. He was shot.

Policy of Non-Alignment

India needed to focus on their own country and not international relations. So they stayed out of foreign affairs and didn’t align themselves.

China and Tibet

• In 1950 China seized Tibet claiming it was theirs

• Although Tibetans tried to fight back they were crushed

• China then claimed part of Kashmir saying it belonged to Tibet. They were mad at India for helping Dalai Lama

• India and China fought a Month long war along the Himalayan boarder

• China still holds control over Tibet and it is a military state with no internet access.

West Pakistan Attack on East Pakistan

• 1971 West Pakistan Punjabis attacked the East Bengalis.

• They were mad that a Bengali won office over a Punjabi

• India joined in the fight ultimately winning and trapping Pakistan soldiers till 1973

• Bengalis fled the country and created their own country in Pakistan Bangladesh

India and nuclear weapons

India became the 6th country with a nuclear weapon in 1974. It was named the smiling buddha and it was created after other countries signed the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty.

Poverty in India

• Most of India’s population is impoverished

• Prices soared so most people couldn’t afford to live

Indira Gandhi’s Emergency

• People were complaining about droughts, food shortages, corruption, etc.

• Indira Gandhi declared an emergency and ordered

  • the arrest of thousands of people

  • Suspended Indian bill of rights

  • Censored press

  • Jailing innocent people

Results of Indira Gandhi’s emergency

• Many died from violence during riots

• 50,000 people were jailed after 2 months

• After canceling elections voters rejected her and she was no longer India’s leader

Golden Temple Operation Blue star

• A group of Sikh separatists seized the golden temple of Amritsar.

• They were using the temple for refuge and arsenal

• Operation Blue star was an order placed by Indira Gandhi for the India army to drive them out.

• It was successful

Indira Gandhi assasination

After operation blue star was completed two of Gandhi’s body guards who were Sikhs turned on her. She was repeatedly shot by them and died in the OR. The assasins were shot and killed by other guards.

Sanjay Gandhi Death

• Died in a plane crash while piloting

• He was his mothers Fave

Rajiv Gandhi Death

• Became Prime minister after his mom died

• Died while walking through a crowd

• A women kneeled as a sign of respect and triggered the explosive belt she was wearing

• The bomber, Rajiv, and 14 other people died.

What things did Rajiv Support

• Forced sterilization during the emergency

• Sri Lanka against the Tamil Tigers

Prime Minister Rao

• PM after Rajiv

• Completed a 5 year term

• Deng xioupin of India

• Focused on the Indian Economy

Prime Minister Rao Economy

• Cut taxes

• Devalued the Rupee

• Cut bureaucratic red tape to open country to foreign investment

Effects of Rao’s Economy

• Jobs were created by factories built in India

• Foreign money and exports help to fund

  • highways

  • railroads

  • modern harbors

  • airports

• The country was investing in the stock market

• Students went to American Universities

India’s nuclear weapons test

• In 1998 India tested 3 nuclear weapons that included a thermonuclear bomb

• This was nicknamed the “city buster”

• Two days after the first test India tested two more weapons

• This angered the world since India and Pakistan did not sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Pakistan Nuclear Tests

• 15 days after India’s nuclear tests Pakistan tested 5 nuclear weapons of their own

• Tested neat Afghan Boarder underground

Babri Mosque incident

Hindus destroyed the Babri Mosque since they claimed it was the birthplace of the god Ram. After they stormed the neighborhood and burned Muslim owned stores and homes. 2,000 people died

Lashkar e-Taiba

Sunni Muslim militant group in Pakistan that focuses on the liberation of Jammu and Kashmir from Indian control

Prime Minister Modi

Current Prime Minister of India who took over in 2014. He lead an honest government to create jobs and opportunity. This appealed to India’s youth

BJP

Hindu Nationalist Party

Citizenship Law

Law that fast tracks citizenship for non-Indians who migrate from Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and adhere to Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Christianity. Muslims are excluded.

Zulfiqar Bhutto

• Pakistani Prime minister 1973-1977

• In power during the war between India and Pakistan

• He was charged with ordering the assasination of his political rival

Bhutto Coup d’etat and execution

• In 1977 after 4 years of power he was over thrown by a coup

• In 1979 he was hanged

General Zia’s objective for Pakistan and Methods

• Introduce Islamic law and create an Islamic System

• He encouraged the construction of religious schools (Madrassas)

• The educated young men in Islamic Ideas and prepared them for anti-communist Jihad

Pakistan’s Role in the Soviet- Afghan War

• Supported the Mujahedeen

• They were concerned Pakistan would be sandwiched between a communist Afghanistan and Hindu India

• Pakistanis trained Afghans and distributed weapons to them

US aid to Pakistan

• US wanted to combat the Soviets so they needed to win the cooperation of Zia

• President Reagan approved $3.2 billion in aid to Pakistan

• Zia insisted that Pakistan would decide how the money would be spent despite the US’s wishes

Taliban takeover in Afghanistan

• Afghans went through anarchy and violence until the Taliban took over in 1996

• Backed by Pakistan, the Taliban controlled Kabul and imposed extreme vision of Islamic law

Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program

• Lead by Abdul Qadeer Khan

• They were competing with India through testing and production.

• In 1999 India and Pakistan agreed to halt tests

Abdul Qadeer Khan

• Leader of Pakistan’s Nuclear weapon program

• Developed Pakistan’s Nuclear weapon

• He sold bomb making equipment and gave technical advice to Libya, North Korea, and Iran

• He was pardoned for his actions

9/11 report and terrorism in Pakistan

• After 9/11 the Us and foreign officials looked for indicators to determine base locations of Al- Quade

• Pakistan was determined to be a likely spot

Osama Bin Laden’s death (Pakistan)

• Some Taliban members hid out in the mountainous border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

• 2011: Bin Laden was killed in Pakistan by US seal team 6