aphg u6 vc

John Snow

Father of modern epidemiology; mapped cholera cases in London.

Geographic information system (GIS)

Technology for gathering, managing, and analyzing spatial data.

Online mapping

Maps and geographic information accessible on the internet.

Absolute direction

Cardinal directions (e.g., north, south, east, west) that do not change.

Relative direction

Directions based on a person's experience or position (e.g., left, right, forward).

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world.

Distance decay

The decrease in interaction or influence as distance increases.

Time-space compression

The reduction in time it takes for information or people to travel due to technology.

Time-space convergence

The idea that distances between places are shrinking due to advancements in transportation and communication.

Environmental determinism

The belief that physical environments shape human behavior and culture.

Environmental possibilism

The idea that while the environment may influence culture, humans have the ability to adapt and modify their environment.

Carl Sauer

Geographer who emphasized the role of human activity in shaping the cultural landscape.

Total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

Replacement fertility level

The fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself, usually around 2.1 children per woman.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population an area can support based on resources.

Thomas Malthus

Economist who theorized that population growth would outpace food supply, leading to shortages.

Ester Boserup/Cornucopians

Theorists who believed that human ingenuity could overcome resource shortages through technological advances.

Neo-Malthusians

Modern proponents of Malthus's theory, warning about overpopulation and resource depletion.

Cultural landscape

The physical imprint of human activity on the environment.

Sequent occupance

The successive habitation and use of land by different cultures over time.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's own culture.

Cultural relativity

The idea that cultures should be understood based on their own values and contexts.

Sense of place

The emotional connection and meaning people attach to a location.

Cultural convergence

The merging of different cultural traits and practices.

Assimilation

The process by which a minority group adopts the cultural practices of the dominant group.

Acculturation

The exchange and blending of cultural traits between groups.

Interfaith boundary

Boundaries between different religious groups.

Intrafaith boundary

Boundaries within a single religion.

Secularization

The process of declining influence of religion in society.

Postmodern architecture

Architectural style that rejects the simplicity of modernism and embraces diversity and complexity.

Centripetal forces

Forces that unify or bring people together within a state.

Centrifugal forces

Forces that divide or push people apart within a state.

Territoriality

The defense of a space or area as a way of asserting control.

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

Theory that divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions.

Core

Regions with advanced technology, wealth, and influence in the global economy.

Semi-periphery

Regions that are in transition between core and peripheral status.

Periphery

Regions with less economic and political power in the global system.

Supranational organization

An organization composed of multiple countries working together for mutual benefit (e.g., EU).

European Union (EU)

Political and economic union of European countries.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

A regional organization of former Soviet republics.

The Paris Agreement (2016)

International treaty aimed at reducing global carbon emissions to combat climate change.

The Schengen Area

A group of European countries that allow free movement across borders.

Shatterbelt

A region caught between conflicting geopolitical forces, often leading to instability.

Genocide

The intentional killing of a large group of people, particularly an ethnic or religious group.

Ethnic cleansing

The forced removal or extermination of an ethnic group from a territory.

Irredentism

The belief that a region should be annexed because it is ethnically or historically related to another country.

Devolution

The transfer of power from central to local governments or regions.

Terrorism

The use of violence and intimidation, often against civilians, for political purposes.

Sustainability

The ability to maintain ecological balance and meet present needs without compromising future generations.

Monocropping

The practice of growing a single crop over a large area.

Multicropping

Growing multiple crops in the same space or during the same growing season.

Land reclamation

The process of creating new land by draining water or filling in areas.

Aquaculture

The cultivation of aquatic organisms like fish and shellfish.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock between highland and lowland pastures.

Organic farming

Farming that avoids synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.

Community-supported agriculture

A system where consumers buy shares in a farm's produce for a season.

Brownfields

Abandoned or underused industrial or commercial properties.

Brownfield remediation

The process of cleaning and redeveloping brownfield sites.

Low density housing

Housing with fewer units per acre, typically with larger spaces between buildings.

Medium density housing

Housing with a moderate number of units per acre, often in suburban areas.

High density housing

Housing with many units per acre, often in urban or metropolitan areas.

Knowledge economy

An economy based on the production and management of knowledge and information.

Comparative advantage

The ability of a country or entity to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than others.

Multiplier effect

The proportional increase in income and employment resulting from a new investment.

Economies of scale

The cost advantage that arises when production becomes more efficient as the scale of output increases.

Neoliberalism

A political and economic ideology favoring free-market capitalism and reduced government intervention.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An international body that oversees global trade rules and disputes.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

Non-profit organizations that operate independently from government and focus on humanitarian or environmental causes.