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THE NATURE OF GEOGRAPHY

1. John Snow - Father of modern epidemiology; mapped cholera cases in London.

2. Geographic information system (GIS) - Technology for gathering, managing, and analyzing spatial data.

3. Online mapping - Maps and geographic information accessible on the internet.

4. Absolute direction - Cardinal directions (e.g., north, south, east, west) that do not change.

5. Relative direction - Directions based on a person's experience or position (e.g., left, right, forward).

6. Globalization - The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world.

7. Distance decay - The decrease in interaction or influence as distance increases.

8. Time-space compression - The reduction in time it takes for information or people to travel due to technology.

9. Time-space convergence - The idea that distances between places are shrinking due to advancements in transportation and communication.

10. Environmental determinism - The belief that physical environments shape human behavior and culture.

11. Environmental possibilism - The idea that while the environment may influence culture, humans have the ability to adapt and modify their environment.

12. Carl Sauer - Geographer who emphasized the role of human activity in shaping the cultural landscape.

POPULATION AND MIGRATION

1. Total fertility rate - The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

2. Replacement fertility level - The fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself, usually around 2.1 children per woman.

3. Carrying capacity - The maximum population an area can support based on resources.

4. Thomas Malthus - Economist who theorized that population growth would outpace food supply, leading to shortages.

5. Ester Boserup/Cornucopians - Theorists who believed that human ingenuity could overcome resource shortages through technological advances.

6. Neo-Malthusians - Modern proponents of Malthus's theory, warning about overpopulation and resource depletion.

CULTURE

1. Cultural landscape - The physical imprint of human activity on the environment.

2. Sequent occupance - The successive habitation and use of land by different cultures over time.

3. Ethnocentrism - Belief in the superiority of one's own culture.

4. Cultural relativity - The idea that cultures should be understood based on their own values and contexts.

5. Sense of place - The emotional connection and meaning people attach to a location.

6. Cultural convergence - The merging of different cultural traits and practices.

7. Assimilation - The process by which a minority group adopts the cultural practices of the dominant group.

8. Acculturation - The exchange and blending of cultural traits between groups.

9. Interfaith boundary - Boundaries between different religious groups.

10. Intrafaith boundary - Boundaries within a single religion.

11. Secularization - The process of declining influence of religion in society.

12. Postmodern architecture - Architectural style that rejects the simplicity of modernism and embraces diversity and complexity.

POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

1. Centripetal forces - Forces that unify or bring people together within a state.

2. Centrifugal forces - Forces that divide or push people apart within a state.

3. Territoriality - The defense of a space or area as a way of asserting control.

4. Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory - Theory that divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions.

5. Core - Regions with advanced technology, wealth, and influence in the global economy.

6. Semi-periphery - Regions that are in transition between core and peripheral status.

7. Periphery - Regions with less economic and political power in the global system.

8. Supranational organization - An organization composed of multiple countries working together for mutual benefit (e.g., EU).

9. European Union (EU) - Political and economic union of European countries.

10. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - A regional organization of former Soviet republics.

11. The Paris Agreement (2016) - International treaty aimed at reducing global carbon emissions to combat climate change.

12. The Schengen Area - A group of European countries that allow free movement across borders.

13. Shatterbelt - A region caught between conflicting geopolitical forces, often leading to instability.

14. Genocide - The intentional killing of a large group of people, particularly an ethnic or religious group.

15. Ethnic cleansing - The forced removal or extermination of an ethnic group from a territory.

16. Irredentism - The belief that a region should be annexed because it is ethnically or historically related to another country.

17. Devolution - The transfer of power from central to local governments or regions.

18. Terrorism - The use of violence and intimidation, often against civilians, for political purposes.

AGRICULTURE/RURAL LAND USE

1. Sustainability - The ability to maintain ecological balance and meet present needs without compromising future generations.

2. Monocropping - The practice of growing a single crop over a large area.

3. Multicropping - Growing multiple crops in the same space or during the same growing season.

4. Land reclamation - The process of creating new land by draining water or filling in areas.

5. Aquaculture - The cultivation of aquatic organisms like fish and shellfish.

6. Transhumance - The seasonal movement of livestock between highland and lowland pastures.

7. Organic farming - Farming that avoids synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.

8. Community-supported agriculture - A system where consumers buy shares in a farm's produce for a season.

URBAN GEOGRAPHY

1. Brownfields - Abandoned or underused industrial or commercial properties.

2. Brownfield remediation - The process of cleaning and redeveloping brownfield sites.

3. Low density housing - Housing with fewer units per acre, typically with larger spaces between buildings.

4. Medium density housing - Housing with a moderate number of units per acre, often in suburban areas.

5. High density housing - Housing with many units per acre, often in urban or metropolitan areas.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & INDUSTRY

1. Knowledge economy - An economy based on the production and management of knowledge and information.

2. Comparative advantage - The ability of a country or entity to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than others.

3. Multiplier effect - The proportional increase in income and employment resulting from a new investment.

4. Economies of scale - The cost advantage that arises when production becomes more efficient as the scale of output increases.

5. Neoliberalism - A political and economic ideology favoring free-market capitalism and reduced government intervention.

6. World Trade Organization (WTO) - An international body that oversees global trade rules and disputes.

7. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) - Non-profit organizations that operate independently from government and focus on humanitarian or environmental causes.