DENTAL SCIENCE-TEST 1

Anatomy

Study of the shape and structure of the human body.

Physiology

Study of how living things function.

Anatomical position

Standing erect, feet together, palms facing forward.

Body planes

Imaginary lines that divide the whole body into sections.

Sagittal plane

Vertical plane dividing the body from front to back.

Midsagittal plane

Divides the body equally into right and left halves.

Horizontal/transverse plane

Divides the body into upper and lower halves.

Frontal/coronal plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Structural units of the body

Cells, tissues, organs, body systems.

Tissue types

Epithelial, muscle, connective, nerve.

Body systems

Groups of organs working together to perform major functions.

Dorsal cavity

Back/posterior cavity of the body.

Ventral cavity

Front/anterior cavity of the body.

Axial division

Head, neck, trunk regions of the body.

Appendicular region

Arms, legs, and appendages of the body.

Cell membrane

Surrounds the cell, maintaining shape and protecting it.

Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid inside the cell, mostly made of water.

Organelles

Structures that modify, store, and transport proteins.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, directing metabolic activities.

Stem cells

Immature, unspecialized cells, including embryonic and adult types.

Epithelial tissues

Cover external and internal body surfaces.

Muscle tissues

Include voluntary (skeletal) and involuntary (smooth, cardiac) muscles.

Connective tissue

Includes fat, tendons, ligaments, bone, cartilage, blood, and lymph.

Organs

Formed from groups of tissues performing a single function.

Axial skeleton

Comprises the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular skeleton

Comprises upper and lower extremities and girdles.

Compact bone

Hard, dense bone forming the outer layer.

Cancellous bone

Lighter, less strong bone found in the interior.

Trabeculae

Bony spicules in cancellous bone forming a mesh structure.

Bone marrow

Red marrow produces blood cells; yellow marrow contains fat.

Cartilage

Provides form to joints, nose, and ears.

Joints

Areas where two bones meet; types include fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

Muscular system

Composed of over 600 muscles enabling movement.

Striated muscle

Skeletal muscle with a striped appearance, voluntary control.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle moving internal organs.

Cardiac muscle

Striated muscle resembling smooth muscle in action.

Cardiovascular system

Comprises the heart and blood vessels.

Heart

Hollow muscle with four chambers functioning as a double pump.

Blood vessels

Arteries carry blood away; veins return blood to the heart.

Lymphatic system

Comprises lymph vessels, nodes, and fluid, fighting disease.

Neurons

Cells directing communication in the nervous system.

Synapse

Space between two neurons for impulse transmission.

Respiratory system

Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body.

Digestive system

Provides nutrients, water, and electrolytes necessary for life.

Ingestion

Taking food into the mouth.

Digestion

Breakdown of food starting in the mouth.

Absorption

Nutritional elements passing into the bloodstream.

Elimination

Removal of solid waste from the body.

Hyoid bone

Supports the tongue, not articulating with other bones.