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Carbon dioxide
plays a secondary but very important role in maintaining the surface temperature.
Trihalomethanes
- are a group of chemical compounds that are formed when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat drinking water.
Commercial jet aircraft
typically fly about 10 km (33, 000 ft) above Earth, an altitude that defines the upper limit of the troposphere, which we call the tropopause.
Water vapor
makes the largest contribution to the greenhouse effect.
Chlorofluorocarbons
- are a group of chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms.
Ozone
is created when oxygen molecules are broken apart by UV radiation and then recombine to form molecules.
Sunlight
and energetic particles bombard Earth's atmosphere.
volatile substance
Water can be separated from dissolved salts by distillation because water is a(n) and the salts are nonvolatile.
supercritical fluid
A(n) is an unusual state of matter that has properties of both a gas and a liquid.
Eutrophication
- This rapid accumulation of dead and decaying plant matter in a body of water uses up the waters oxygen supply, making the water unsuitable for aquatic animals.
photodissociation
No ions are formed when the bond between two atoms is cleaved by .
Real Time
Analysis for Pollution Prevention Analytical methods need to be developed that allow for , in- process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
Seawater
can also be desalinated using reverse osmosis.
Filters
eliminate dirt and bacteria clusters.
Nitrogen oxides
are primary components of smog, a phenomenon with which city dwellers are all too familiar.
net result
The of the four reactions is a cycle in which solar radiant energy is converted into thermal energy.
Reduction of Derivatives
- Unnecessary derivatization (intermediate compound formation, temporary modification of physical /chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.
Biodegradable
- The organic material the bacteria are able to oxidize.
Photochemical smog
is produced largely by the action of sunlight on vehicle exhaust gases.
Energy Efficiency
Design for - Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized.
ozone cycle
The in the stratosphere is responsible for the rise in temperature that reaches its maximum at the stratopause.
Groundwater
resides in aquifers, which are layers of porous rock that hold water.The water in aquifers can be very pure, and accessible for human consumption if near the surface.
Prevention
- It is better to prevent waste than to clean it up after it has been created.
Acid rain
is rain that has a pH level lower than 5.6, and can cause damage to plants, animals, and buildings.
Atom Economy
- Methods to make chemical compounds should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all starting atoms into the final product.
Catalysis Catalytic reagents
(as selective as possible) improve product yields within a given time and with a lower energy cost compared to noncatalytic processes and are, therefore, preferred to noncatalytic alternatives.
Freshwater
is the term used to denote natural waters that have low concentrations (less than 500 ppm) of dissolved salts and solids.
industrial use
The water needed for domestic, agricultural, and is taken either from lakes, rivers, and underground sources or from reservoirs.
Ozone hole
- is a region of the Earth's stratosphere where the concentration of ozone is much lower than normal.
carbon dioxide
Water and are the two most popular choices as supercritical fluid solvents.
Ozone hole
is a region of the Earth's stratosphere where the concentration of ozone is much lower than normal
Chlorofluorocarbons
are a group of chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms
Greenhouse Gases
Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate
Eutrophication
This rapid accumulation of dead and decaying plant matter in a body of water uses up the waters oxygen supply, making the water unsuitable for aquatic animals
Water Purification
Desalination
Water Purification
Municipal Treatment
Trihalomethanes
are a group of chemical compounds that are formed when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat drinking water
Atom Economy
Methods to make chemical compounds should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all starting atoms into the final product
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Auxiliary substances (for example, solvents, separation agents, etc.)
Use of Renewable Feedstocks
A raw material or feedstock should be renewable whenever technically and economically practical