CHAPTER 18: CHEMISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT

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40 Terms

1
Carbon dioxide
________ plays a secondary but very important role in maintaining the surface temperature.
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2
Trihalomethanes
________- are a group of chemical compounds that are formed when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat drinking water.
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3
Commercial jet aircraft
________ typically fly about 10 km (33, 000 ft) above Earth, an altitude that defines the upper limit of the troposphere, which we call the tropopause.
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4
Water vapor
________ makes the largest contribution to the greenhouse effect.
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5
Chlorofluorocarbons
________- are a group of chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms.
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6
Ozone
________ is created when oxygen molecules are broken apart by UV radiation and then recombine to form ________ molecules.
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7
Sunlight
________ and energetic particles bombard Earth's atmosphere.
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8
volatile substance
Water can be separated from dissolved salts by distillation because water is a(n) ________ and the salts are nonvolatile.
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9
supercritical fluid
A(n) ________ is an unusual state of matter that has properties of both a gas and a liquid.
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10
Eutrophication
________- This rapid accumulation of dead and decaying plant matter in a body of water uses up the waters oxygen supply, making the water unsuitable for aquatic animals.
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11
photodissociation
No ions are formed when the bond between two atoms is cleaved by ________.
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12
Real Time
________ Analysis for Pollution Prevention Analytical methods need to be developed that allow for ________, in- process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
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13
Seawater
________ can also be desalinated using reverse osmosis.
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14
Filters
________ eliminate dirt and bacteria clusters.
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15
Nitrogen oxides
________ are primary components of smog, a phenomenon with which city dwellers are all too familiar.
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16
net result
The ________ of the four reactions is a cycle in which solar radiant energy is converted into thermal energy.
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17
Reduction of Derivatives
________- Unnecessary derivatization (intermediate compound formation, temporary modification of physical /chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.
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18
Biodegradable
________- The organic material the bacteria are able to oxidize.
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19
Photochemical smog
________ is produced largely by the action of sunlight on vehicle exhaust gases.
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20
Energy Efficiency
Design for ________- Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized.
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21
ozone cycle
The ________ in the stratosphere is responsible for the rise in temperature that reaches its maximum at the stratopause.
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22
Groundwater
________ resides in aquifers, which are layers of porous rock that hold water.The water in aquifers can be very pure, and accessible for human consumption if near the surface.
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23
Prevention
________- It is better to prevent waste than to clean it up after it has been created.
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24
Acid rain
________ is rain that has a pH level lower than 5.6, and can cause damage to plants, animals, and buildings.
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25
Atom Economy
________- Methods to make chemical compounds should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all starting atoms into the final product.
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26
Catalysis Catalytic reagents
________ (as selective as possible) improve product yields within a given time and with a lower energy cost compared to noncatalytic processes and are, therefore, preferred to noncatalytic alternatives.
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27
Freshwater
________ is the term used to denote natural waters that have low concentrations (less than 500 ppm) of dissolved salts and solids.
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28
industrial use
The water needed for domestic, agricultural, and ________ is taken either from lakes, rivers, and underground sources or from reservoirs.
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29
Ozone hole
________- is a region of the Earth's stratosphere where the concentration of ozone is much lower than normal.
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30
carbon dioxide
Water and ________ are the two most popular choices as supercritical fluid solvents.
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31
Ozone hole
is a region of the Earth's stratosphere where the concentration of ozone is much lower than normal
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32
Chlorofluorocarbons
are a group of chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms
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33
Greenhouse Gases
Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate
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34
Eutrophication
This rapid accumulation of dead and decaying plant matter in a body of water uses up the waters oxygen supply, making the water unsuitable for aquatic animals
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35
Water Purification
Desalination
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36
Water Purification
Municipal Treatment
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37
Trihalomethanes
are a group of chemical compounds that are formed when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat drinking water
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38
Atom Economy
Methods to make chemical compounds should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all starting atoms into the final product
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39
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Auxiliary substances (for example, solvents, separation agents, etc.)
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40
Use of Renewable Feedstocks
A raw material or feedstock should be renewable whenever technically and economically practical
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