CHAPTER 18: CHEMISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Carbon dioxide

________ plays a secondary but very important role in maintaining the surface temperature.

Trihalomethanes

________- are a group of chemical compounds that are formed when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat drinking water.

Commercial jet aircraft

________ typically fly about 10 km (33, 000 ft) above Earth, an altitude that defines the upper limit of the troposphere, which we call the tropopause.

Water vapor

________ makes the largest contribution to the greenhouse effect.

Chlorofluorocarbons

________- are a group of chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms.

Ozone

________ is created when oxygen molecules are broken apart by UV radiation and then recombine to form ________ molecules.

Sunlight

________ and energetic particles bombard Earth's atmosphere.

volatile substance

Water can be separated from dissolved salts by distillation because water is a(n) ________ and the salts are nonvolatile.

supercritical fluid

A(n) ________ is an unusual state of matter that has properties of both a gas and a liquid.

Eutrophication

________- This rapid accumulation of dead and decaying plant matter in a body of water uses up the waters oxygen supply, making the water unsuitable for aquatic animals.

photodissociation

No ions are formed when the bond between two atoms is cleaved by ________.

Real Time

________ Analysis for Pollution Prevention Analytical methods need to be developed that allow for ________, in- process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.

Seawater

________ can also be desalinated using reverse osmosis.

Filters

________ eliminate dirt and bacteria clusters.

Nitrogen oxides

________ are primary components of smog, a phenomenon with which city dwellers are all too familiar.

net result

The ________ of the four reactions is a cycle in which solar radiant energy is converted into thermal energy.

Reduction of Derivatives

________- Unnecessary derivatization (intermediate compound formation, temporary modification of physical /chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.

Biodegradable

________- The organic material the bacteria are able to oxidize.

Photochemical smog

________ is produced largely by the action of sunlight on vehicle exhaust gases.

Energy Efficiency

Design for ________- Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized.

ozone cycle

The ________ in the stratosphere is responsible for the rise in temperature that reaches its maximum at the stratopause.

Groundwater

________ resides in aquifers, which are layers of porous rock that hold water.The water in aquifers can be very pure, and accessible for human consumption if near the surface.

Prevention

________- It is better to prevent waste than to clean it up after it has been created.

Acid rain

________ is rain that has a pH level lower than 5.6, and can cause damage to plants, animals, and buildings.

Atom Economy

________- Methods to make chemical compounds should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all starting atoms into the final product.

Catalysis Catalytic reagents

________ (as selective as possible) improve product yields within a given time and with a lower energy cost compared to noncatalytic processes and are, therefore, preferred to noncatalytic alternatives.

Freshwater

________ is the term used to denote natural waters that have low concentrations (less than 500 ppm) of dissolved salts and solids.

industrial use

The water needed for domestic, agricultural, and ________ is taken either from lakes, rivers, and underground sources or from reservoirs.

Ozone hole

________- is a region of the Earth's stratosphere where the concentration of ozone is much lower than normal.

carbon dioxide

Water and ________ are the two most popular choices as supercritical fluid solvents.

Ozone hole

is a region of the Earth's stratosphere where the concentration of ozone is much lower than normal

Chlorofluorocarbons

are a group of chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms

Greenhouse Gases

Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate

Eutrophication

This rapid accumulation of dead and decaying plant matter in a body of water uses up the waters oxygen supply, making the water unsuitable for aquatic animals

Water Purification

Desalination

Water Purification

Municipal Treatment

Trihalomethanes

are a group of chemical compounds that are formed when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat drinking water

Atom Economy

Methods to make chemical compounds should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all starting atoms into the final product

Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries

Auxiliary substances (for example, solvents, separation agents, etc.)

Use of Renewable Feedstocks

A raw material or feedstock should be renewable whenever technically and economically practical