CHAPTER 18: CHEMISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT

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40 Terms

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Carbon dioxide

plays a secondary but very important role in maintaining the surface temperature.

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Trihalomethanes

- are a group of chemical compounds that are formed when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat drinking water.

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Commercial jet aircraft

typically fly about 10 km (33, 000 ft) above Earth, an altitude that defines the upper limit of the troposphere, which we call the tropopause.

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Water vapor

makes the largest contribution to the greenhouse effect.

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Chlorofluorocarbons

- are a group of chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms.

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Ozone

is created when oxygen molecules are broken apart by UV radiation and then recombine to form molecules.

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Sunlight

and energetic particles bombard Earth's atmosphere.

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volatile substance

Water can be separated from dissolved salts by distillation because water is a(n) and the salts are nonvolatile.

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supercritical fluid

A(n) is an unusual state of matter that has properties of both a gas and a liquid.

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Eutrophication

- This rapid accumulation of dead and decaying plant matter in a body of water uses up the waters oxygen supply, making the water unsuitable for aquatic animals.

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photodissociation

No ions are formed when the bond between two atoms is cleaved by .

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Real Time

Analysis for Pollution Prevention Analytical methods need to be developed that allow for , in- process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.

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Seawater

can also be desalinated using reverse osmosis.

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Filters

eliminate dirt and bacteria clusters.

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Nitrogen oxides

are primary components of smog, a phenomenon with which city dwellers are all too familiar.

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net result

The of the four reactions is a cycle in which solar radiant energy is converted into thermal energy.

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Reduction of Derivatives

- Unnecessary derivatization (intermediate compound formation, temporary modification of physical /chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.

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Biodegradable

- The organic material the bacteria are able to oxidize.

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Photochemical smog

is produced largely by the action of sunlight on vehicle exhaust gases.

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Energy Efficiency

Design for - Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized.

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ozone cycle

The in the stratosphere is responsible for the rise in temperature that reaches its maximum at the stratopause.

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Groundwater

resides in aquifers, which are layers of porous rock that hold water.The water in aquifers can be very pure, and accessible for human consumption if near the surface.

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Prevention

- It is better to prevent waste than to clean it up after it has been created.

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Acid rain

is rain that has a pH level lower than 5.6, and can cause damage to plants, animals, and buildings.

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Atom Economy

- Methods to make chemical compounds should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all starting atoms into the final product.

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Catalysis Catalytic reagents

(as selective as possible) improve product yields within a given time and with a lower energy cost compared to noncatalytic processes and are, therefore, preferred to noncatalytic alternatives.

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Freshwater

is the term used to denote natural waters that have low concentrations (less than 500 ppm) of dissolved salts and solids.

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industrial use

The water needed for domestic, agricultural, and is taken either from lakes, rivers, and underground sources or from reservoirs.

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Ozone hole

- is a region of the Earth's stratosphere where the concentration of ozone is much lower than normal.

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carbon dioxide

Water and are the two most popular choices as supercritical fluid solvents.

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Ozone hole

is a region of the Earth's stratosphere where the concentration of ozone is much lower than normal

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Chlorofluorocarbons

are a group of chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms

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Greenhouse Gases

Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate

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Eutrophication

This rapid accumulation of dead and decaying plant matter in a body of water uses up the waters oxygen supply, making the water unsuitable for aquatic animals

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Water Purification

Desalination

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Water Purification

Municipal Treatment

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Trihalomethanes

are a group of chemical compounds that are formed when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat drinking water

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Atom Economy

Methods to make chemical compounds should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all starting atoms into the final product

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Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries

Auxiliary substances (for example, solvents, separation agents, etc.)

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Use of Renewable Feedstocks

A raw material or feedstock should be renewable whenever technically and economically practical