Pharmacology - Gastrointestinal drugs

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

________ (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder that occurs when stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation.

Acetylcholine

________ also stimulates the release of HCl by activating the parietal cells directly.

Bismuth subsalicylate

________ is a natural agent that forms a protective layer over the stomach lining.

Antacids and

________ proton pump inhibitors can be used to reduce gastric acid levels.

H2RA drugs

________ can cause side effects such as headache, dizziness, and diarrhea.

Excessive production

________ of gastric acid can lead to acid reflux and ulcers.

Misoprostol

________ is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog.

Antibiotics

________ are used to eradicate H. pylori infection, while discontinuing NSAIDs is necessary to prevent further damage to the stomach lining.

risk of NSAID

It is effective in reducing the ________- induced gastric ulcers by up to 70 %.

Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist

________ (H2RA) drugs are a class of medications that are used to treat gastrointestinal conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and gastritis.

histamine receptors

They work by blocking ________ in the stomach, which reduces the production of stomach acid.

Esophageal Motility Disorders

________: Abnormal contractions of the esophagus can cause food and stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus.

Peptic ulcers

________ are erosions in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.

Helicobacter pylori infection

________ is the most common cause of peptic ulcers.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

________ (LES) Dysfunction: The LES is a ring of muscle that acts as a valve between the esophagus and stomach.

Obstruction

________ can also occur if the ulcer blocks the passage of food through the digestive tract.

NSAIDs

________ are commonly used to relieve pain and inflammation but can cause damage to the stomach lining when used excessively or for prolonged periods.

Gastrin

________ stimulates the release of histamine, which in turn activates the proton pump on the parietal cells, leading to the production of HCl.

Dietary Factors

________: Certain foods and drinks, such as fatty or spicy foods, alcohol, and caffeine, can trigger acid reflux.

Acid suppression therapy

________ is also used to reduce the production of stomach acid and promote healing of the ulcers.

PPIs

________ work by inhibiting the proton pump in the parietal cells of the stomach, which reduces the production of gastric acid.

H pylori

________ is a bacterium that infects the stomach and small intestine, leading to inflammation and erosion of the stomach lining.

Obesity

________: Excess body weight can increase pressure on the stomach, causing acid reflux.

H2RA stands for

________ Histamine- 2 Receptor Antagonist.

GERD

________ is a complex disorder that involves multiple factors, including LES dysfunction, hiatal hernia, delayed gastric emptying, esophageal motility disorders, obesity, dietary factors, and smoking.

Mucus

________ is a viscous substance that protects the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract.

Proton pump inhibitors

________ (PPIs) are a class of drugs that are commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other acid- related disorders.

Histamine

________ is a natural substance that is produced by the body and helps to stimulate the production of stomach acid.

Gastric acid

________ is produced by the parietal cells in the stomach lining through a complex mechanism.

prostaglandins

The drugs inhibit the production of ________, which are essential for protecting the stomach lining from acid damage.

H2RA drugs works

________ by blocking histamine receptors in the stomach, which reduces the production of stomach acid.

Antacids

________ are medications that neutralize stomach acid, which helps to relieve symptoms of heartburn, indigestion, and acid reflux.

H2RA drugs

________ are available in different strengths and dosages, and can be purchased over- the- counter or by prescription.

Peptic ulcers

________ are characterized by erosions or open sores in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.

PPIs

________ irreversibly bind to the H+ /K+ ATPase enzyme, which is responsible for the final step in the production of gastric acid.

Misoprostol

________ is a synthetic agent that stimulates the production of mucus.

pH of gastric acid

1.5-3.5

decrease gastric acidity

Ways to reduce the amount of acid produced in the stomach

2 gastric drug action

mucosal protective agent and decreasing gastric acidity