Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization that began in Great Britain in the late 18th century, characterized by the use of steam power, factories, and mass production.

Luddites

A group of English workers who protested against the mechanization of textile production by destroying machines and factories.

Urban poor

Individuals or families living in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions in cities, often facing poverty and disease.

Liberals

Those who advocate for individual liberties, free speech, trade, religion, and political rights.

Utilitarianism

The philosophical doctrine that actions are right if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Socialists

Individuals who believe in economic equality and advocate for government control of production to benefit society as a whole.

Bourgeoisie

The wealthy class who own most of society's wealth and means of production.

Proletariat

The working class, especially in an industrial context.

Romanticism

An artistic movement that emphasized emotion and individualism, often set against nature.

Realism

A movement in art and literature that depicts everyday life and ordinary people without romanticization.

Telograph

A device used for long-distance transmission of textual messages through coded signals.

Eugenics

The belief and practice aimed at improving the genetic quality of human populations, often involving controversial practices.

Social Darwinism

The application of Darwinian ideas to society, used to justify class distinctions and imperialism.

Crimean War

A conflict that occurred from 1853 to 1856, involving the Ottoman Empire against Russia, with Britain and France intervening.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention held in 1848 in the United States, advocating for women's suffrage and equality.

Nihilists

Individuals who reject all religious and moral principles, often advocating for science and rational thought.

Theory of Relativity

Albert Einstein's theory that describes the relationship between space and time, asserting that they are interwoven.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process in which a natural reflex responds to a stimulus after repeated associations.

Zionism

The movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish nation in the territory defined as the Land of Israel.

Cubism

An avant-garde art movement focusing on the use of geometric shapes and interlocking planes.