Clinical Psychology

psychoanalytical school

taught by Freud, believes that disorders are caused by interactions between the conscious and unconscious

humanistic school

school of thought that believes all disorders can be attributed to a low self-esteem and criticisms one receives

behavioral approach

approach that believes all disordered behavior is learned

sociocultural approach

approach that believes society and culture decide what a disorder is and what behavior is acceptable

biological view

view that disorders are caused by abnormal brain function and structures

cognitive perspective

perspective that believes disorders are the result of faulty or illogical thoughts

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

The APA's handbook for the identification and classification of behavioral disorders

intellectual disability

characterized by delayed development in general mental abilities

Autism spectrum disorder

neurodevelopmental disorder that often manifests in early childhood; can cause individuals to have trouble reading social cues; can manifest as very repetitive behaviors as well

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

patterned inattention and hyper-impulsivity

communication disorders

stuttering, language disorders, and speech sound disorders are all examples of this

motor disorders

examples are developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and tics

schizophrenia

disorder that causes disturbances in thought, perception, and speech as well as motor behavior and emotional experience; the word itself means "split brain"

delusions

beliefs not based in reality

hallucinations

perceptions not based in reality

disorganized thinking

when one switches from one topic to another in illogical fashion

disorganized speech

responding to questions with irrelevant answers or producing streams of speech with no coherence

positive symptom

something that a typical person does not do (adds)

negative symptom

the removal of something a typical person does have (subtracts)

bipolar disorder

a disorder marked by manic states on one end and depressive states on the other

depressive disorders

disorders that involve the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual's capacity to function

anxiolytics

anti-anxiety medications

panic disorder

anxiety disorder characterized by recurring panic attacks

generalized anxiety disorder(GAD)

anxiety disorder characterized by a constant state of autonomic nervous system arousal and feelings of worry

phobias

persistent irrational fears of common events or objects

agoraphobia

fear of being in open, public places where escape is perceived as impossible

obsessions

intrusive thoughts, urges, or images that plague an individual

compulsions

repetitive behaviors that one feels compelled to perform, oftentimes related to obsessions

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

characterized by involuntary, persistent thought or obsessions, as well as compulsions that an individual will prevent a specific outcome

body dysmorphic disorder

obsessive thoughts about bodily defects

hoarding disorder

obsessive thoughts about the need to save possessions

post-traumatic stress disorder

disorder that involves intrusive thoughts or dreams related to a specific trauma

reactive attachment disorder

disorder that is seen in very neglected children, who cannot form an attachment pattern to their caregiver

adjustment disorders

maladaptive responses to particular stressors

derealization

the sense that something is not actually happening

depersonalization

the sense that something is not really happening to me

dissociative amnesia

an inability to recall events that goes beyond normal forgetting; forgetting parts of our own identity

somatic symptom disorder

disorder related to bodily symptoms that one has disordered thoughts about; believing it is worse than it actually is

illness anxiety disorder

when one worries excessively about the possibility of falling ill

conversion disorder

bodily symptoms that one experiences that are incompatible with neurological expectations; formerly called hysteria

psychogenic

created in the mind

factitious disorder

when an individual knowingly falsifies symptoms in order to receive medical care without any apparent reason for doing so

anorexia nervosa

intense fear of gaining weight; heavy restriction of food

bulimia nervosa

recurring episodes of binge eating followed by purging food entirely

pica

regular consumption of non nutritive substances(plastics, paper, dirt, etc.); more common in children but also found in pregnant women

cluster A

cluster that includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal disorders

paranoid personality disorder

disorder marked by a pattern of distress of others that is not justified by reason

schizoid personality disorder

disorder marked by disturbances in feeling

schizotypal personality disorder

disorder marked by disturbances in thought

cluster B

cluster that includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

antisocial personality disorder

disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of disregard for the rights of others; sociopathy

borderline personality disorder

disorder marked by a stormy relationship with the world, others, and one's self

histrionic personality disorder

disorder that involves a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking behaviors

narcissistic personality disorder

disorder that involves an overinflated sense of self-importance

cluster C

cluster that includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

avoidant personality disorder

disorder that involves an enduring pattern of social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy

dependent personality disorder

disorder marked by an excessive need to be cared for

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder(OCPD)

disorder marked by a rigid concern with order, perfectionism, control, and work at the expense of flexibility

dissociative fugue

disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity

psychoanalysis

developed by Freud, probing past defense mechanisms to understand the unconscious cause of a disorder

free association

part of psychoanalysis; where the patient reports any and all conscious thoughts and ideas

transference

when the patient shifts thoughts and feelings onto the therapist during psychoanalysis

counter transference

when the therapist transfers their own feelings onto the patient--what is not supposed to happen during psychoanalysis

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers meant to allow the patient to reach self actualization and unconditional self worth

genuineness

how Carl Rogers described the approach of therapists being an active listener in client-centered therapy

unconditional positive regard

what the therapist provides the patient in client-centered therapy

accurate empathetic understanding

How Roger's described the therapist's ability to view the world from the eyes of the client

Gestalt Therapy

a mix of physical and mental therapies meant to shed light on interactions between the mind and body; created by Fritz Perls

behavioral therapy

short-term process meant to change the patient's behavior

counterconditioning

when a response to a particular stimulus is replaced by a different response; used in behavioral therapy to either inhibit or facilitate a specific behavior

aversion therapy

when an aversive stimulus is paired with the behavior a client wishes to stop in order to prevent it from occuring

systemic desensitization

a clinical approach meant to lower the anxiety around a stimulus and replace those feelings with relaxation

extinction procedures

procedures designed to weaken maladaptive responses; flooding and implosion are examples

flooding

exposing the clients to the undesirable stimulus in order to lower their anxiety surrounding it

implosion

having the client imagine the undesirable stimulus in order to lower their anxiety surrounding it

behavioral contracting

a method in which the client and therapist sign stating that the client will or will not do a specific behavior and the therapist will reward them if they succeed

modeling

the idea used in therapy that if a client sees somebody rewarded for a behavior, they will be more likely to replicate said behavior themselves

rational-emotive behavior therapy(REBT)

When a patient recites positive affirmations in order to do or to prevent a certain behavior occurring created by Albert Ellis

Albert Ellis

created rational-emotive behavior therapy(REBT)

Cognitive therapy

therapy that focuses n negative schemas; created by Aaron Beck

Aaron Beck

created cognitive therapy and postulated the negative triad

negative triad

Asserted by Aaron beck that depression involves a negative view of the world, the self, and the future

arbitrary interference

maladaptive schema in which a person draws conclusions without evidence

dichotomous thinking

maladaptive schema which involves all or nothing conceptions of situations

electrocompulsive therapy(ECT)

form of treatment for depression where volts of electricity are passed through a patient's head; can cause temporary amnesia and even seizures

prefrontal lobotomy

a form of psychosurgery where parts of the frontal loves are cut from the rest of the brain; failed dramatically leaving patients in a catatonic(zombie-like) state

psychopharmacology

treatment of psychological and behavioral maladaptation with drugs

psychotropic drugs

psychologically active drugs four types: antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and lithium salts

antipsychotics

reduce symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking neural receptors for dopamine

antidepressants

drugs meant to lower feelings of depression; three types: MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and selective reuptake inhibitors

MAO inhibitors

increase norepinephrine and serotonin while eliminating monoamine oxidase(which breaks down neurotransmitters): very toxic to the human body

tricyclics

just breaks down norepinephrine and serotonin

selective reuptake inhibitors

prevents neurotransmitter reuptake and therefore allows for more neurotransmitter sin the synaptic cleft

Benzodiazepines

type on anxiolytic that causes muscle relaxation and tranquility

lithium carbonate

a salt used to treat bipolar disorder; its full function is unknown however

group therapy

when clients meet together with a therapist as an interactive group; much less expensive but less personalization due to the amount of people in the room

twelve-step programs

A form of group therapy which combines spirituality and group therapy in order to help people; commonly used by people who are struggling with addiction to substances such as alcohol

couples therapy

therapy meant to fix disfunction between couples

family therapy

therapy meant to allow family members to express grievances and come up with solutions as a family with the help of a therapist