Exam 2 Questions (copy)

T/F: Type 1 diabetes is considered an auto-immune disease

True

T/F: monosaccharides can be absorbed through the small intestine

True

T/F: Methionine is a TSAA, limiting, and essential AA

True

The three most common limiting AA are...

Methionine, lysine, tryptophan

T/F: The maillard reaction can bind an AA to a fat

False

Dietary lipids are coated with BLANK as they enter the duodenum

Bile

The process of breaking down fat globules, aided by secretion, is...

Emulsification

Emulsification does what to the surface area of a fat globule

Increases

Name for the enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and a monoglyceride

Lipase

Droplet of monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and bile salts that forms before fats can be transported across the intestinal cell

Micelle

A protein coated bundle of triglycerides is called a...

Chylomicron

Pathway of fats out of the intestine

Enterocyte, lymph system, circulatory system

List the 7 common fatty acids

Myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic

Name the 4 UFAs and their shorthand of C and double bonds

Oleic- 18:1 Linoleic- 18:2 Linolenic- 18:3 Arachidonic- 20:4

Describe characteristics of the 4 PUFAs that would explain why they would be liquid at room temperature

Oleic, arachidonic, linoleic, and linolenic fats are liquid at room temperature because they have at least one double bond, interrupting the otherwise straight chain and making them unsaturated fats. The FA chains no longer pack tightly and there are pockets of air between molecules. The air and the decreased packing means they exist as a liquid at RT

Lactase in pigs from birth to 3 weeks is (induced or not induced)

Not induced

T/F: Mannose is efficiently absorbed in the small intestine

False

Insulin is produced from what tissue?

Beta cells in the islets of langerhans

T/F: Net energy from a protein is higher than fat due to the energy required to dispose of the by-products from N metabolism.

False

T/F: Motilin is released every 10 minutes during the consumption of a meal

False

What would be considered the "activator" of Trypsinogen to Trypsin?

Enterokinase

Function of CCK

Produces satiety

Function of secretin

Triggers secretion of water and bicarbonate

Function of zymogens

Precursors to enzymes

Function of carbohydrases

Digests carbs

Function of GIP

Inhibits HCl production and gastric motility

Function of motilin

Housekeeping hormone of GIT, sweeps food down GIT every 90-100 minutes

Function of pancreatic lipase

Hydrolyzes fatty acids in the 1 and 3 position of triglycerides

Function of endopeptidases

Hydrolyzes interior bonds of proteins

Function of a hormone

A chemical substance excreted from a ductless gland from source to target tissue

Function of somatostatin

Inhibits all other hormones

Function of pepsin

A cavital peptidase active below a pH of 3.5

Stimulus of gastrin

Stomach distention, dietary proteins, fats, carbs, alcohol and caffein, vagus nerve stimuation

T/F: Phenylalanine can be converted to methionine

False (converts to tyrosine)

In a functioning ruminant, lactase is (induced or not induced)

Induced

What is the primary VFA produced from cellulose and hemicellulose fermentation?

Acetate

T/F: Protected choline can be supplemented to dairy cattle to prevent fatty liver

True

As concentrate percentage of a diet goes up, what happens to VFA production and rumen conditions?

More VFA's are produced, propionate percentage increases, acetate percentage decreases, rumen pH decreases

Effect of increasing dietary concentrate on milk composition

As concentrate increases, milk yield increases to a point, and butter fat decreases at that point.

Which VFA is more efficient for energy production

Propionate

Which VFA is more efficient for butter fat production

Acetate

T/F: Lignin is a carb

False

T/F: Fructose is the sweetest of all sugar

True

T/F: chief cells are responsible for production of HCl

False (parietal cells)

T/F: Cattle lose more water via feces than sheep

True

T/F: a cavital enzyme is found in the brush border of the mucosal cell

False

T/F: glycine is an essential AA for poultry

Ture

Why are horses so susceptible to colic

Little muscular movement of the stomach, generally small size of stomach, no eructation

T/F: propionate can be shipped out of the muscle to the liver to be converted to glucose as part of the Cori cycle

False

Hibernating animals rely on what source of water to survive?

Metabolic

T/F: Animal proteins have higher biological value than plant proteins

True

Amylase in pigs from birth to 3 weeks is (induced or not induced)

Not induced

What component is a net producer of glucose?

Propionate (3C compound)

T/F: Chylomicrons have the lowest ratio of lipids to protein of the lipoproteins discussed in class

False

T/F: Protein degradation is often stimulate by glucocorticoids

True

RDP/DIP stands for

Ruminally degraded protein, degraded intake protein

In neonatal ruminants, all enzyme activity is low except for

Lactase

T/F: the chylomicron is formed in the lumen of the intestine before being absorbed across the brush border

False

T/F: As moisture content of the feed decreases, typically an animal will drink less water

False

Define pentose

General name for a 5 carbon sugar

Name a fiber that is polysaccharide like

Lignin

Define oligosaccharide

3-10 sugar unit

Define glycogen

Animal starch

Define NSP

Non-starch polysaccharide

Pentosan polysaccharide found in corn cobs and wood

Xylan

Glucose + fructose + galactose trisaccharide

Raffinose

Define hexose

General name for a 6 carbon sugar

Define polysaccharide

10 sugar units

Define disaccharide

2 sugar units

The anatomic structure in birds that is the site of gastric juice secretion

Proventriculus

Which is the primary VFA produced from starch and sugar fermentation?

Propionate

T/F: Carbs net the most metabolic water

True

Urea has 45% N, making is what percent CP?

281%

Between 3-8 weeks of age, lactase, maltase, and amylase are (induced or not induced)

Induced

In adult pigs, amylase, maltase, and sucrase are (induced or not induced)

Induced

RUP and UIP stand for

Ruminally undegraded protein or undegraded intake protein (bypass protein)

List the SFA

Myristic, palmitic, stearic

List the UFA

Oleic

List the PUFAs

Linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic

Nitrogen excretion by species

Terrestrial vertebrates: Urea Fish: NH3 Birds: Uric acid

T/F: Mammals will absorb long chain FA lipids directly via the circulatory system

False

T/F: There are approximately 15 AA known to nature

False

T/F: Cholesterol content in the body is only driven by dietary consumption

False