AP EURO UNIT 1 VOCAB

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that existed from the early Middle Ages until 1806, characterized by a decentralized political structure and the symbolic authority of the emperor. This empire played a critical role in European politics, influencing the rise of new monarchies, the wars of religion, state building efforts, and the balance of power in Europe.

City-State

an independent soverign city (Rome, Venice)

Florence

where the Renaissance started. Medici family was here and it became a center for art, culture, and commerce.

Venice

A major Italian city-state known for its unique canals, trade networks, and Renaissance art. It was a powerful maritime republic that played a vital role in European commerce and culture.

Democracy

a system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives.

roman republic

precursor to the Holy Romah Empire. served as an EXAMPLE OF A REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY

Representative government

A form of government in which elected officials represent a group of people, allowing for citizens to have a say in political decisions.

Niccolo Machiavelli

An Italian diplomat and philosopher who is best known for his political treatise, "The Prince," which discusses how a monarch should rule in order to have a stable and secure government. “It is better to be feared than loved.” Also wrote The Art of War.

Petrarch

An Italian poet and scholar known for initiating the Renaissance through his works, particularly in poetry and humanist philosophy. Revived classical Greco-Roman texts. FATHER OF HUMANISM

Cicero

a Roman statesman and philosopher best known for his contributions to Roman law and rhetoric, as well as his writings that emphasized the importance of natural law and moral philosophy, which later influenced the intellectual landscape of the Renaissance.

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian diplomat and author, best known for his work "The Book of the Courtier," which presents a dialogue on the ideal qualities of a courtier and the principles of conduct in the Renaissance court.

Johannes Gutenberg

german inventor of printing press technology

martin luther

wrote the 95 thesis in 1517 - influenced the protestant reformation

cosimo de medici

florentine banker, patron of the arts and humanism

lorenzo valla

a prominent Italian Renaissance Humanist known for his critical approach to theology, 'On the False Donation of Constantine,' challenged the authenticity of a document that had been used to justify papal authority, highlighting the importance of textual analysis and historical context in understanding documents. EXPOSED FAKING DOCUMENTS

Sandro Botticelli

highly regarded Florentine painter and draftsman during the Early Renaissance. painted the birth of venus

leonadro da vinci

one of the most famous painters of the renaissance. mona lisa

michelangelo

moody renaissance painter/sculptor. Sistine Chapel and David

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant, explorer, and writer “The Travels of Marco Polo”

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese explorer who funded exploration in Portgual

Bartholomeu Dias

the first European navigator to round the southern tip of Africa.

Vasco de Gama

the first to sail directly from Europe to India

Christopher Columbus

Columbian exchange, “discovered” the americas

king ferdinand and queen isabella

new monarchies who centralized spain, did the reconquista and inquisition. funded columbus’ travels

amerigo vespucci

cartographer who coined the americas

hernan cortes

conquistador of aztecs

francisco pizarro

conquistador of incas

vasco nunez de balboa

the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the Americas in 1513, after crossing the Isthmus of Panama

ferdinand magellan

first explorerer, portuguese, to circumnav the globe

john cabot

known for his 1497 voyage of mainland north america. italian

hudson river

river in new york, named in 1609 after henry hudson of the duthc east india company

new york

new amsterdam dutch colony

Seven Years War

war between the french and british and natives .British dominance in North America and India

plantation

place where british would settle

encomienda system

spanish economic system in which the king granted the conquistadores land to make crops as long as the conquistadores gave slaves shelter, food, and converted them

capitalism

private ownership of means of production for maximized profit

medici

powerful florentine banking family

fuggers

powerful dutch banking family in antwerp

henry viii

best known for his six marriages, his desire for a male heir, and initiating the English Reformation, which separated the Church of England from Roman Catholic authority, leading to its establishment as a Protestant institution. ACT OF SUPREMACY

Mary Tudor

bloody mary - persecuted protestants because she was catholic

Act of Supremacy

established the monarch as the head of the Church of England, effectively replacing the Pope's authority.

Elizabeth I

Last Tudor, whos reign was the “golden age” moderate religious settlement, overseas expansion, great military victories like the Armada and a flowering of cultural life epitomised by Shakespeare

Queen Isabella

Castille

King Ferdinand

Aragon

Concordat of Bologna

1516 - an agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X. the pope could select bishops and abbots

Edict of Nantes

King Henry IV of France - provided religious tolerance as well as civil rights for the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) in a predominantly Roman Catholic country.

Huguenots

French Calvinist Protestants

Gentry

ppl of good social position in the UK

Star Chamber

Henry VII established this court to try high profile cases