Chapter 22 - The Elements in Nature and Industry

chemical affinity

The for one of the three phases determined the distribution of the remaining elements (described below using just the new periodic table group numbers)

primordial atmosphere

The thin, , which was most likely a combination of water vapor (which gave rise to nitrogen (or ammonia) and carbon monoxide (to the seas) were generated by evaporation (the expulsion of trapped gases)

chemical affinity

The for one of the three phases determined the distribution of the remaining elements (described below using just the new periodic table group numbers)

primordial atmosphere

The thin, , which was most likely a combination of water vapor (which gave rise to nitrogen (or ammonia) and carbon monoxide (to the seas) were generated by evaporation (the expulsion of trapped gases)

Gravity

and convection led more dense elements to sink when the Earth was molten and less dense elements to ascend, resulting in a variety of compositional phases:* The core, or iron phase, was formed by the majority of the Fe.

Earth

was once a frigid, solid sphere of equally distributed ice.

core

An element is found in the crust and mantle but not in the .

frequent meteor

The planet's temperature rose to about 104 degrees Celsius as a result of radioactive decay and strikes.

Oxygen

interacted with Si, Al, Mg, and some Fe in the light outer phase to create silicates, the rock material.

biological systems

The biosphere is made up of the that inhabit it.

ocean basins

When the first rocks formed and filled with water, binary inorganic molecules in the atmosphere reacted to produce simple, then more complex, organic molecules.

greatest concentration

The crust accounts for just 0.4 percent of Earth's mass but has the of nonmetals, metalloids, and light, active metals: Al, Ca, Na, and K.* The mantle has considerably lower quantities of these, whereas the core has none.

iron phase

During the , transition metals with lower melting points, as well as numerous metals and metalloids in Groups 11 through 16 were concentrated in the sulfide phasing.

Earth

was created as a result of differentiation, an interior structure made up of three layers as shown in the image attached.

core

The outer is molten, and the inner is solid and the size of the Moon.

differentiation

Earth was created as a result of _, an interior structure made up of three layers

mantle

surrounds the core has a density of 4–6 g/cm3 overall

Crust

accounts for just 0.4 percent of Earth's mass but has the greatest concentration of nonmetals, metalloids, and light, active metals: Al, Ca, Na, and K

Core or iron phase

formed by the majority of the Fe. Oxygen interacted with Si, Al, Mg, and some Fe in the light outer phase to create silicates, the rock material. Later, this silicate phase split into the mantle as well as the crust