APUSH+Review+(1).docx

Desert Culture

Way of life focused on hunting small game and intensively gathering plant foods.

Encomienda System

Forced labor system where Native Americans worked for Spanish lords, resembling slavery.

Virgin Soil Epidemics

Outbreaks of diseases among Native Americans with no immunity, aiding Spanish conquest.

The Columbian Exchange

Large-scale exchange of goods, animals, and crops between the Old and New Worlds.

House of Burgesses

First democratically-elected legislative body in Virginia, encouraging immigration.

Middle Passage

Brutal middle leg of the triangular trade route, transporting slaves from Africa to the Americas.

Great Awakening

Colonial religious revival emphasizing individual salvation and personal faith.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of lax enforcement in the American colonies, fostering economic growth.

Sons of Liberty

Colonial group resisting British policies, such as the Stamp Act, through protests and boycotts.

Articles of Confederation

First U.S. constitution with weak central government, leading to Shays' Rebellion.

Massachusetts Farm Crisis

Farms in Massachusetts faced financial difficulties leading to the loss of farms due to the inability to pay in hard currency.

Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787

Established a government system for territories north of Ohio, prohibiting slavery in 3-5 states and defining the process for admitting new states.

Annapolis Convention (1786)

A meeting that highlighted the need to strengthen the national government after Shay’s Rebellion, with only 5 states attending and leading to the Constitutional Convention in 1787.

Virginia Plan

Proposed by James Madison, aimed to replace the Articles of Confederation with a bicameral national legislature consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate.

Great Compromise

Resolved the representation issue by having proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement counting 3/5 of slaves for representation and taxation purposes, along with compromises on slave trade and commerce.

Federalists vs

Federalists supported the new constitution, while Anti-Federalists believed the central government should have less power, leading to the Bill of Rights in 1791.

Whiskey Rebellion (1791-1794)

Farmers protested a tax on whiskey as part of Hamilton’s fiscal plan, showcasing early challenges to federal taxation.

Marbury vs

Established the principle of judicial review, giving the federal judiciary the power to interpret laws.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Policy calling for an end to European colonization in the Western Hemisphere, with British naval power enforcing it and keeping Europeans out.

Market Revolution

Transition from self-sufficient farming to producing goods for sale, facilitated by new transportation and communication technologies, organizational innovations, and capital investment.

Cult of Domesticity

Social expectation for middle-class women to focus on home and family, idealizing them as mothers and wives, leading to their involvement in reform movements.

Commercialization

Shift from barter to cash economy, driven by transportation improvements, government policies, and new agricultural tools like the steel plow and reaper.

Paternalism

Justification for slavery based on the belief that masters were benevolent compared to the capitalism of the North, supported by the idea of inherent racial inferiority and the disruption of the natural order if slaves were freed.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival emphasizing salvation through personal faith, democratic participation, and moral reform, rejecting predestination and promoting evangelical zeal.

Lowell Mills

Early cotton mill employing mainly women and children, contributing to industrialization and the development of interchangeable parts, leading to specialization and mechanization in factories.

Taylorism

Factory management system focusing on efficiency by breaking down production into specialized tasks, increasing productivity and standardizing work processes.

Robber Barons

Business leaders accumulating wealth at the expense of workers, exemplifying the economic disparities and exploitation during the Market Revolution.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 gathering advocating for women's rights, including suffrage, education, divorce rights, and property ownership, marked by the Declaration of Sentiments challenging patriarchal structures.

Manifest Destiny

Ideology justifying American expansion westward, driven by a sense of national identity and the belief in spreading democracy, leading to territorial acquisitions and conflicts like the Mexican-American War.

Legal Tender Act of 1862

Created national currency to address the need for money in the expanding Union federal government.

Homestead Act of 1862

Offered 160 acres of public land to citizens who agreed to live on and improve the land, encouraging Western frontier settlement.

Emancipation Proclamation of 1863

Freed slaves in rebellious areas, supported recruitment of black soldiers, and aimed to meet abolitionist demands.

Sherman's March (1864)

Example of total war strategy, aimed to make war terrible for the South by destroying everything in their path.

13th Amendment (1865)

Banned slavery throughout the US, marking the end of legal slavery.

14th Amendment (1866)

Defined national citizenship to include former slaves, guaranteeing civil rights regardless of race.

15th Amendment (1869)

Granted black men the right to vote, though the South still used tactics like poll taxes and literacy tests to disenfranchise them.

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

Established federal Indian policy, aimed at assimilation by giving land to individuals and undermining tribal sovereignty.

Transcontinental Railroad (1863-1869)

Facilitated transportation, promoted settlement in the West, and was advantageous to the North during the Civil War.

Gilded Age (1870-1900)

Era of industrialization, political corruption, and dominance of railroads, steel, and oil industries in the US economy.

Family Wage

A concept where the wage is paid to the male head of the household to keep women and children out of factories.

Southern Industry

Apart from steel, iron, and textiles, the South mainly produced raw materials for the North.

Urbanization Downsides

Overcrowded conditions, high noise levels, and unrestricted burning of coal leading to air pollution.

City Beautiful Movement

A movement focused on beautifying cities through architecture and urban planning.

Universal Schooling

Idea that emerged at the end of the 1800s, concentrating in urban industrial areas for white children.

Ragtime Music

Became a staple of entertainment in cabarets and nightclubs, reflecting the cultural shifts of the time.

Populist Party

Formed in 1892, advocating for government ownership of railroads, banks, and other reforms to counter corporate power.

Jim Crow Laws

Segregationist legislation passed in Southern states to enforce racial discrimination.

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy in China to ensure open access for American investment, reflecting American imperialism.

Muckrakers

Investigative reporters exposing social and political issues, promoting reform in urban areas.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Aimed to unite all workers under one union and eliminate capitalism.

General Federation of Women’s Clubs

Brought together clubs focusing on self-improvement and benevolent efforts for working women and children.

Booker T

Advocated for economic improvement and self-reliance over political and civil rights for African Americans.

W.E.B

Argued for African Americans to fight for civic equality, voting rights, and higher education.

Theodore Roosevelt

Viewed the presidency as a platform for societal reform and was known for trust-busting and the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Woodrow Wilson

Expanded federal regulation with acts like the Underwood-Simmons Act and Federal Reserve Act, and proposed the League of Nations.

Progressive Party

Formed by Roosevelt due to disagreements with Republican policies, supporting pro-union and antitrust measures.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft's policy of using business investments to increase political influence in Latin America.

League of Nations

Proposed by Wilson to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, but the US did not join.

Great Migration

Movement of black southerners to northern cities for economic opportunities during and after WWI.

American Overseas Investments

Strategy promoting private enterprise freedom, boosting power and profits of American investors in the global market.

McNary-Haugen bills

Measures aimed at stabilizing farm prices, vetoed by Coolidge due to perceived federal interference.

Lost Generation

Writers disillusioned with American society, critiquing materialism and conformity in the 1920s.

Harlem Renaissance

Artistic and literary movement celebrating African American culture and advocating for social and political equality.

Prohibition

18th Amendment banning alcoholic beverages, repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933 due to economic and social issues.

Immigration Acts of the 1920s

Legislation setting quotas and restrictions on immigration, impacting various ethnic groups.

Ku Klux Klan

Revived anti-immigrant movement promoting white supremacy and hostility towards minorities.

New Deal

Series of relief and reform measures by FDR to combat the Great Depression, including programs like CCC and Social Security Act.

Dust Bowl

Environmental disaster leading to dust storms, prompting government intervention in farming practices.

Foreign Policy Pre-WWII

Events like the Night of Broken Glass, Nazi expansion, and US neutrality acts shaping global tensions before WWII.

FDR's Economic Sanctions

FDR imposed economic sanctions on Japan, including freezing the sale of supplies, leading to Japan's economic struggles.

Pearl Harbor Attack

On December 7th, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, catching the American forces off guard and initiating the US entry into World War II.

War Powers Act

Passed during WWII, this act granted the President extensive powers to reorganize the government, censor information, and seize properties to support the war effort.

Rosie the Riveter

Symbol of women entering the workforce during WWII, representing the shift of women from traditional roles to factory work.

Japanese American Internment

Executive Order 9066 in 1942 relocated over 120,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps, with reparations awarded in 1988.

Executive Order 8802

Issued by FDR, this order banned discrimination in the defense industry and government, impacting African Americans during WWII.

Zoot Suit Riots

Riots in 1943 where Mexican American youth wearing zoot suits were attacked by sailors, reflecting racial tensions during WWII.