AP European History - Name Drop

Castiglione

wrote The Courtier; how to be the ultimate renaissance man

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian Renaissance; ideal renaissance man; scientist, inventor, artist

Machiavelli

Italian Renaissance; advised Medici politically; wrote 'the prince'; ends justify the means

Jan Huss

Northern Renaissance; Czech priest, philosopher; denounce abuses of the church; ideas influence reformation

Catherine De Pisan

Italian Renaissance; wrote 'letter to a son'; opposing views to Machiavelli, but ideas on how to live/rule

Michelangelo

Italian; Made the 'David', Sistine Chapel; humanism

Donatello

Italian; early David statue, early renaissance

Erasmus

Dutch/N Renaissance; humanist; attack abuses of church, push for vernacular, original intent of Catholicism; tutor/scholar

Guttenberg

German/N Renaissance; Inventor, movable type

Cosimo de' Medici

Italian; assert Medici rule over florence; banker/merchant

Boccaccio

Italian renaissance; the decameron; wrote about plague; humanist; encyclopedia of classic mythology

Raphael

Italian, paint Madonnas

Rudolf Agricola

N Renaissance; Father of German Humanism

Thomas More

N Renaissance; English humanist, Utopia; beheaded by Henry VIII for refusing to sign Act of Supremacy which established anglican church

Francesco Petrarch

Italian Renaissance; Father of humanism; write in latin/study classics

Girolama Savonarola

Italian Renaissance; Dominican Friar; italians too materialistic, immoral; lead Bonfire of the Vanities

Tinteretto/El Greco

Mannerism painters

Giotto

father of Renaissance painting

Pope Leo X

Italian pope in 1517; during 95 theses, condemn Luther; patronize arts; want to rebuild St. Peter's

Pope Clement

pope during sacking of Rome; side with Francis 1 (French) against Charles V to push him out of Rome

Pope Paul III

counter reformation pope; created Jesuit order

Frederick the Wise

German Prince who protected Luther from Pope Leo X/Charles V; allow Luther to keep writing, very religious; everyone liked him

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor during Reformation; Hapsburg; lead sack on Rome

Johann Tetzel

huge indulgence seller; fire/brimstone preaching; raise money for basilica; German

Ignatius Loyola

Spanish, founder of Jesuits; believe in strong edu for everyone, but esp priests

Catherine de Medici

Wife of King Henri II (France); sons were kings; st. Bartholomew's day massacre

Francis I

French King who helped Pope Clement against charles V during sack of Rome; king during religious wars, captured by Charles V

Martin Luther

German, 95 theses; create Lutheran church; Edict of Worms condemn him, Frederick the Wise protect; very religious monk

Philip Melanchthon

German Lutheran; work with luther; set up schools in Lutheran areas

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer, create Zwinglism; disagree with Luther on Eucharist; thought Eucharist was symbolic

John Calvin

French religious reformer; create calvinism; strict social rules/very formal

Henry VIII

English king; 6 wives; found anglicanism/church of England

Bartolomeu Dias

Portugese explorer; route around cape of good hope in Africa

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer; first to reach india by sea

Christopher columbus

Italian who explored for Spain; 'discovered' Americas

Hernando Cortez

Spanish explorer; conquer Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer; conquer Incas

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer; first to circumnavigate the globe; died before reaching spice islands

Sir Francis drake

English explorer/pirate for Elizabeth I; defeated the Spanish armada

Jacques Cartier

French Explorer; claim/explore Canada for France

Guise Family

Catholic family; want french throne during religious wars

Bourbon Family

protestant family; want throne during French religious wars

Montgomery-Chatillon Family

Protestant family; competing for throne during French religious wars

Henry II

Catholic; pass Edict of Fontainebleau that subjected protestants to inquizition

Francis II

King in france during religious wars; one year rule, under Catherine de Medici influence; married to Mary Queen of Scots

Charles IX

Catherine de Medici's son, ruler in France; start St Bartholomew's Day Massacre, order death of Coligny and Huguenot leaders

Coligny

French Huguenot leader; assassinated by Catherine de Medici; mutilated by French Mobs; start St Bartholomew's day massacre

William of Orange

from Netherlands, rule England with wife Mary; start/run Glorious Revolution

Louis XIV

the sun king; french ruler for 76 years; Catholic; absolutist - consolidate power; build Versailles

James I

son of Mary queen of scots; believe in divine right of kings; lots of scandal and corruption

Charles II

King in Englands parliamentary monarchy; Catholic sympathies; 'merry monarch'

Cardinal Richelieu

focused on breaking power of French nobility; set up system that took noble power and gave it to government officials; rule through Louis XIII (young king)

Nicolas Poussin

French classical painter; landscapes

Jean baptiste Colbert

encourage development of guilds/organization of businesses; heavily tax poor and nobles; had to pay for versailles/all of Louis XIV stuff; mercantilist policy; economy based on agriculture; financial minister

Frederick the Elector

Prussia house of Hohenzollern; restore Hohenzollern rule after devastation of 30 years war

Frederick I

King of Germany, HRE; reestablish roman rule of law, counterbalance papal power

Frederick William I

built up Prussian army; show off Prussian power, military first

Frederick the Great

Prussian ruler; invade Silesia, start Prussian/Austrian rivalry; enlightened despot; expand edu and abolish torture

Ivan I

grand duke of Moscow; attributed with rise of Moscow; first ruler of independent Russia

Ivan III

grand prince of Moscow and Russia; triple territory; push Golden Horde out of Russia

Ivan IV

Ivan the Terrible; centralize gov, allow local rule; introduce serfdom; kill lots of people; make first standing army, expand borders; encourage sea trade; leave no heir which causes turmoil

Michael Romanov

first Romanov; increase stability and military power in Russia

Peter the Great

westernize russia; military reform; build St Petersburg as capital to centralize power; expand borders; increase education

Nicolaus Copernicus

reject earth centered universe; polish priest/astronomer; heliocentric model

Tycho Brahe

Danish; collect astrological data

Johannes Kepler

Brahe's assistant; use info to find motion of planets

Galileo Galilei

telescope; mathematician/tutor for Medici; church had issues with him

Isaac Newton

Gravity; importance of empirical data/observation

Francis Bacon

English; Lawyer, encourage science; knowledge would help monarchs rule

Renes Descartes

Rational deduction; scientific method; publish in French not latin so common people could read

Thomas Hobbes

political philosopher; people are inherently bad, rulers should be absolute and people should submit

John Locke

political philosopher; ideas basis for American political system; humans naturally good, rulers should meet their needs; religious toleration

Mazarin

Louis XIV chief minister; want to centralize France at expense of nobles

John III Sovieski

German king; save Vienna from Turkish Siege;

James II

took throne in England after Charles II; tries to dismiss parliament; William and Mary replace him

Margaret Cavendish

female scientist; natural philosopher

Joseph II

Austrian Enlightened Despot; religious freedom; abolish serfdom

Catherine II (the great)

Russian Enlightened Despot; focus on pleasing Nobles; enlightenment ideas, but very few implemented

Frederick The Great (II)

Prussian Enlightened Despot; military leader

Marat

radical journalist during french revolution; killed in bathtub by Charlotte Corday

Danton

leader of the mountain; part of committee of public safety; guillotined during reign of terror; excellent speaker

Charlotte Corday

girondin sympathizer, kill Marat because thought his writings were causing too much killing/pain

Robespierre

leader of the Committee of Public Safety; chief architect of the Reign of Terror

Lafayette

author of declaration of the rights of man/citizen; bring American revolution ideas; work with Thomas Jefferson

Abbe Sieyes

wrote 'What is the third estate'; rally french behind 3rd estate; instrumental in napoleon's coup

Sans Culottes

Urban poor and self-described patriots during french revolution

Marie Antoinette

Austrian wife of Louis XVI; extravagant, set styles of French culture during reign; hated by people; executed

Jacque Necker

Swiss finance minister; advisor to King Louis XVI; want to tax nobility

Alexander I

Russian tsar at time of Napoleon's rule; attend congress of Vienna, lead Holy Alliance movement; sign Treaty of Tilsit because didn't want to fight Napoleon

Metternich

Conservative Austrian at conference of Vienna; want to check french power, prevent Prussia/Russia rise, reestablish conservative power

Viscount Castlereagh

British rep at congress of Vienna; want to check French, end slave trade, stay out of the Holy alliance, and get naval bases

King Frederick William III

Prussian rep at congress of Vienna; expand boundaries, check French aggression; mediated Russia/GB deal over Poland

Tallyrand

French Rep at congress of Vienna; wanted to limit French loses, have some say in fate, and restore Bourbon power

Lord Byron

Romantic hero; very popular poet across Europe; died in greek independence fight

Alexander Grahm bell

invent telephone

Thomas Edison

invent lightbulb

Gottlieb Daimler

invent internal combustion engine, first automobile

James Watt

invent steam engine

Wright brothers

first successful flight/airplane

Mazzini

Heart of Italian unification