Studied by 3 peopleIdeas on medicine in the Renaissance took on…
A scientific approach
Writing and knowledge
Scholars were paid to restore old texts and fix bad translations from the Middle Ages
Hippocrates and galen…
Became popular again
People began to focus on
Direct observation and experiments
Did people begin to question the church?
Yes
What new medical process allowed people to observe the body?
Dissection
Why were there fewer hospitals?
Henry Viii closed the monasteries
What new injuries were there
Gunshot wounds
What did Thomas Sydenham prioritise?
Treating patients and observing outcomes
What did Sydenham prove?
Scarlett fever and measles were different diseases
How did Sydenham classify diseases based on recording his findings?
Sorted them into different groups based on findings
What book did Sydenham publish and what did it do?
Medical Observations- described illnesses and how to treat them
When was Medical Observations published?
1676
What methods did doctors use in the Renaissance?
Old methods due to the lack of training and alternatives
What did people believe cured scrofula?
The royal touch
What was still prescribed due to the influence of religion and the supernatural?
Pilgrimages and prayers
What did hospitals now focus on doing?
Treating
What did Quack doctors do?
Gave patients false medicines like opium, causing addictions
When was the printing press invented?
1440
How did it aid the spread of ideas?
Books and ideas could be spread globally quickly
How did it reduce the Church’s influence?
They could no longer prevent the publication of ideas they didn’t approve of
What did the Royal Society enable?
Scientists to share scientific knowledge and carry out research.
When was Philosophical Transactions published?
1665
What was the Theory of Transference?
People believed rubbing yourself on another object could transfer a disease from you to them.
What were the lack of changes in the Renaissance?
Ideas were slow to be accepted, discoveries didn’t improve understanding of the causes of disease.
What was a continuity of Apothecaries and surgeons?
They were not given university training and were cheaper than physicians
What was a change to apothecaries and surgeons?
They were better trained, and you needed a license to be obtained after training
Continuity of Physicians
Trained at universities, training was based on textbooks not experience
Change in Physicians
Better access to many medical books, dissection became legal and they became experimental
Where did Vesalius study medicine?
Paris
When did Vesalius study medicine in Paris?
1533
Where did Vesalius become a professor of surgery?
Padua, Italy
What did Vesalius do?
Made the study of the human body fashionable and improved understanding of the human body
how did Vesalius influence dissections
he encouraged more to happen- the first one in cambridge happened in 1565
who else did Vesalius encourage to disprove galen?
Fabricius
what did Fabricius discover?
that veins contained valves- he told this to his student william harvey
When was vesalius’ book being used in cambridge?
1560
Who’s work did Vesalius prove incorrect?
Galen
How many mistakes did Vesalius find in Galen’s work?
300
what corrections did Vesalius make to Galen’s work
the lower jaw is one bone, not two, and the breast bone has 3 parts, not 7
When was ‘On the fabric of the human body’ published?
1543
When was the Great Plague?
June to November 1665
How many people died in london from the great plague?
100,000- one in five of the population
when did the deaths of the great plague peak?
september
In one week in september, how many people died due to the great plague?
7000
What was the Great Plague believed to be caused by?
Miasma, Religion, Transference, Astrology
Great Plague- Miasma
People believed it was in soils, and would emerge when the weather got warmer
Great Plague- Religious
This was less popular than in the Black Death, but they believed it was a punishment for wickedness
Great Plague- Astrology
There was an ‘unlucky’ alignment between saturn and jupiter in october 1664
Great Plague cause- transference
people thought disease spread person-to-person but there was no proof
How did people try and treat the Great Plague?
Herbal remedies, sweating it out by a fire, transferring it to a chicken
How did people try and prevent the great plague?
advice from physicians and other healers
Advice given by physicians in great plague
prayer, quarantine, pomanders, fasting
Plague doctor mask
It contained herbs in the beak
Plague doctor coat
coated in wax to stop pus and blood soaking into it
advice from other healers in the great plague
apothecaries sold plague water, some believed catching syphilis would prevent them getting the plague due to similar symptoms
What was a real difference between the Black Death and Great Plague?
Government Action
What did the Government do during the Great Plague?
Banned large gatherings, cleaned streets, collected the dead, killed dogs and cats
how many dogs and cats were killed
40,000 dogs and 200,000 cats
When was William Harvey around?
1578-1657
which book did harvey write
An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood
when did harvey publish his book
1628
Where did Harvey study?
Cambridge
Who’s doctor was Harvey?
James I
What public act did Harvey do?
Public dissections
What did Harvey discover?
that the heart pumped blood around the body
How did Harvey discover blood circulation?
Studied Vesalius’ theory and proved it was right by using dissected bodies
what did harvey discover was wrong with galen’s work in relation to the arteries and veins
they are linked together in one circulatory system, blood passes from arteries to veins
what did harvey discover was wrong with galen’s work in relation to blood and the heart
the same blood is being pumped round the body by the heart - new blood is not produced in the liver
what did harvey discover was wrong with galen’s work in relation to blood
veins only carry blood, not air too
how did harvey prove blood flows in one direction to the heart
he tried to pump liquids the other way and the valves prevented this
how did harvey prove arteries and veins are in one system
he tied a cord around someone’s arm to cut off blood flow, let it flow into the arm (arteries are deeper) and realised that veins swelled with blood when he didnt let it flow out
how did harvey prove the same blood is being pumped around the body by the heart
dissection, and he calculated how much blood went into arteries an hour
Why was Harvey important?
He proved Galen’s theory wrong and improved knowledge of the body, encouraging further experiments
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