Anatomy Mcgraw Hill

The nervous system affects target organs through the release of chemicals called WHAT?

neurotransmitters

The endocrine system uses WHAT to maintain homeostasis.

feedback

The endocrine system releases chemical messengers called WHAT into the bloodstream.

Hormones

Only cells with specific WHAT for the hormone respond to that hormone

receptor

Glands that are ductless organs that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream are called WHAT glands

endocrine

The endocrine system works closely with the ______ system to bring about homeostasis in the body.

nervous

The nervous system uses nerve impulses and WHAT to transmit information

neurotransmitters

The endocrine system has many functions in the human body including which of the following?

controlling metabolism

regulating blood composition

overseeing reproductive functions

maintaining blood volume

What are the two major controlling systems of the body?

Endocrine and nervous

Which endocrine organ is found in the thoracic cavity?

thymus

Endocrine glands produce and release

hormones

Testosterone is produced by the ______.

testes

The nervous system affects target organs through the release of chemicals called

hormones

The nervous system affects target organs through the release of chemicals called WHAT

Neurotransmitters

Hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli?

Hormonal

Neural

Humoral

What type of endocrine stimulation is pictured in A?

hormonal

The testes produce the male sex hormones called ______, many of which are converted into testosterone.

androgens

Which of the following hormones are lipid-soluble?

steroids and thyroid hormone

Which of the following is an example of hormone release in response to a humoral stimulus?

After eating a candy bar your pancreas releases insulin.

Which of the following is classified as a steroid hormone?

testosterone

Amines that are small hormones produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid are called WHAT animes

biogenic

The type of endocrine stimulation shown in picture B is

humoral

Match the letter of each organ in the picture with the hormone it produces.

Instructions

Pituitary-ADH

Thyroid- T4

Pancreas- insulin

Testes- androgens

Match each class of hormone with its description.

steroid: derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble

protein: short chains of amino acids and water-soluble

biogenic amine: modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception)

Steroid hormones are a type of lipid derived from ______.

cholesterol

Menstrual cramps are caused by prostaglandins which are both produced by and affect the uterus. Because they are produced by and affect the same area of the body they are considered

local

An example of a biogenic amine hormone is ______ hormone.

tyroid

Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If the target cells neighboring those from which they were released, this is an example of ______ stimulation.

paracrine

Hormones that are transported in the blood are released from ______.

Endocrine glands

The class of hormones called ______ hormones are formed from chains of amino acids.

peptide

True or false: Lipid-soluble hormones are easily dissolved and travel freely in the blood.

False

Identify which are ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream.

degradation by enzymes

excretion by the kidneys

Which of the following are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids?

prostaglandins

leukotrienes

thromboxanes

Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target the same cells from which they were released, this is an example of ______ stimulation.

autocrine

Most hormones are transported in the BLANK to their target cells

blood

The life of a hormone is the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to reach 50% of what was originally secreted is called the

half

Lipid-soluble hormones travel in the blood joined to a protein carrier and are thus called ______ hormones.

bound

What are the two factors that affect the concentration of a circulating hormone?

synthesis and elimination

Target cells of a hormone are cells that ______.

have receptors for the hormone

A lipid-soluble hormone binds to its intracellular receptor and then binds to a portion of DNA called a ______ element (HRE).

horomone-response

In this picture of how a lipid-soluble hormone binds to and affects, its target cell, what is the name of the molecule at A?

hormone-receptor complex

Rank the half-life of the following types of hormones in order from shortest to longest:

1-small water-soluble hormones

2-large water-soluble hormones\

3-lipid-soluble hormones

Because of their structure, water-soluble hormones bind a receptor on the cell membrane initiating a series of biochemical events across the membrane known as a

signal

In a signal transduction pathway, activated G proteins can then activate which of the following enzymes?

adenylate cyclase

phospholipase C

Cells with receptors for a particular hormone are called WHAT cells for that hormone

target

In signal transduction, adenylate cyclase is activated by a ______.

g-protein

Because of their structure, lipid-soluble hormones bind to the receptors of target cells ______.

inside the cell

In signal transduction, phospholipase C is activated by a G

protein

Place the events of how a lipid-soluble hormone affects a cell in order. Start with the earliest event first.

1- Lipid-soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor

2- Hormone-receptor complex binds with hormone-response element

3- mRNA is synthesized

4- mRNA is translated into a new protein

When a water-soluble hormone binds to the target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?

growth

activation of enzyme pathways

increased secretions

Water-soluble hormones bind to their target cell receptors found ______.

on the surface of the plasma membrane

Multi-step signal transduction pathways provide ______ opportunities to regulate pathway activity than direct pathways.

Greater

In signal transduction pathways, once a hormone binds to a receptor on the cell surface, it can activate a complex called the

G

A single target cell of a hormone ______.

can display differing numbers of receptors for the same hormone

In signal transduction, activated adenylate cyclase increases cAMP levels which then activates the enzyme protein WHAT A

Kinase

If a target cell is becoming overstimulated by a particular hormone, in general, it will ______ the number of receptors it has for that particular hormone in order to maintain homeostasis.

decrease

Once activated by G proteins, phospholipase C creates DAG and IP3, which are considered to be two ______ messengers.

second

If a target cell is continually understimulated by a particular hormone it has receptors to, it will increase the number of receptors it has through

up

When a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?

muscle contraction

increased permeability of the cell membrane

Match each descriptive term with its definition.

synergistic-tow hormones work together

permissive-one hormone allows another to function

antagonistic- two hormones work in opposition to one another

True or false: One advantage of signal transduction pathways is that the binding of a few hormone molecules can affect millions of molecules within the cell.

true

Which of the following glands is not controlled by the hypothalamus?

parathyroid gland

True or false: A target cell may have receptors for more than one type of hormone.

true

The master control center of the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus

The more receptors a cell has for a hormone, the WHAT sensitive it is to that hormone.

more

The pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the WHAT bone

sphenoid

If a target cell is continually overstimulated by a hormone, it will decrease the number of receptors it has through ______ regulation.

down

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk called the

infundibulum

Match each type of hormone interaction with an example in the body.

Instructions

synergistic-estrogen and progesterone are more powerful together than alone

permissive- oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactin

antagonistic- glucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively

The WHAT gland oversees most of the endocrine activity in the body.

pituitary

In the figure of endocrine glands, the letter A indicates the ______ and the letter B indicates the ______.

anterior pituitary gland; posterior pituitary gland

Which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity?

Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.

Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland.

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus through a thin stalk called the ______.

infundibulum

The neural part of the pituitary gland is the _____.

posterior pituitary

The structure that extends from the base of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland is the

infundibulum

The neurons in the hypothalamus that extend to the posterior pituitary gland are called ______ cells because they secrete hormones.

neurosecretory

The pituitary gland portion that consists primarily of unmyelinated axons extending from the hypothalamus is the

posterior

The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the ______.

adenohypophysis

What is the name of the network of blood vessels in this picture referred to as?

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

The anterior pituitary is also called the ______.

adenohypophysis

The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland by way of the hypothalmo-hypophyseal ______ system.

portals

The pituitary gland portion that both produces and secretes hormones is the

anterior

The capillary network associated with the hypothalamus is the ______ capillary plexus.

primary

The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones into ______.

bloodstream

The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the

adenohypophysis

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus and the ______ part of the pituitary gland?

anterior

Which two hypothalamic nuclei are associated with the posterior pituitary gland?

supraoptic

paraventricular

The posterior pituitary gland releases ______ hormone(s).

2

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system shunts blood and regulatory hormones directly from the ______ to the ______.

hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland

The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones when stimulated by the ______.

hypothalamus

The bulk of the pituitary gland is composed of the ______ pituitary.

anterior

Which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus?

oxytocin

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland are connected via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal ______.

tract

The posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin and ADH in response to a stimulus from the region of the brain called the

hypothalamus

Oxytocin is a hormone released by the ______ pituitary gland.

posterior

The regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland arrive from the hypothalamus by way of the ______.

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is ______.

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

The anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH, which stimulates the

thyroid

The hypothalamus produces two hormones that are stored in and released by the ______ ______.

posterior; pituitary

Prolactin is produced by cells called _____.

lactotropes