unit 2 apeuro terms

95 Theses

propositions written by Martin Luther in 1517 that criticized the practices of the Catholic Church

Act of Supremacy

1534 English law declaring King Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

Anabaptists

A radical Protestant sect that emerged in the 16th century advocating for adult baptism and separation from state control.

Baroque

highly decorative and theatrical style of art, architecture, and music that emerged in Europe

Catholic Reformation

period of Catholic revival and reform initiated in response to the Protestant reformation

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor from 1519-1553 and King of Spain from 1516. significant figure in the Protestant Reformation and the Religious Wars

Christian Humanism

movement that emerged during the Renaissance, emphasizing the importance of human values and ethics based on Christian teachings

Conciliarism

A reform movement advocating for the authority of general Church councils over the Pope.

Council of Trent

council of the Catholic Church held between 1545-1563 in response to the Protestant Reformation

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch philosopher and humanist of the Northern Renaissance. Emphasized education and moral philosophy

Edict of Worms

A 1521 decree issued by Charles V banning Martin Luther's writings and declaring him a heretic.

German Peasants' Revolt

A widespread popular revolt in 1524-1525 demanding economic and social reforms.

Gianlorenzo Bernini

An Italian Baroque sculptor and architect who epitomized the drama and emotion of the Catholic Reformation.

Great Schism

The division in the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 when multiple popes claimed authority. Split into Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church

Hanseatic League

A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe.

Henry VIII

King of England from 1509-1547. Known for his 6 marriages and the English Reformation

Huldrych Zwingli

A Swiss reformer who led the Reformation in Zurich, advocating for a simpler form of worship.

Ignatius Loyola

Spanish priest and theologian who founded the Jesuits. Played a pivotal role in the Catholic Reformation

Indulgences

A practice in the Catholic Church where people could pay to reduce punishment for sins, heavily criticized by Martin Luther.

Jean Calvin

A French theologian and reformer whose teachings played a pivotal role in the Protestant Reformation during 16th century. Emphasized predestination and sovereignty of God.

John Wyclif

An English theologian best known for his role in the early movement of church reforms and the translation of the Bible into vernacular English

Martin Luther

A German monk whose 95 Theses initiated the Protestant Reformation, challenging Church authority and doctrines.

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 agreement allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the official religion of their territory.

Predestination

The doctrine that God has already determined who will be saved, reflecting theological differences among Protestant groups.

Printing Press

An invention by Johann Gutenberg that revolutionized the spread of information and facilitated the dissemination of Reformation ideas.

Protestants

Christians who broke away from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation, leading to the establishment of various denominations.

Sacramentarian Controversy

A theological debate among early Protestants about the nature of the Eucharist, particularly between Luther and Zwingli.

Schmalkaldic League

A defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire formed to protect against Catholic forces.

Albrecht Wallenstein

A Bohemian military leader who fought for the Catholic side during the Thirty Years' War.

Axel Oxenstierna

A Swedish statesman and key figure during the Thirty Years' War who continued Sweden's military involvement.

Cardinal Richelieu

A French clergyman and statesman who strengthened royal power and supported Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War.

Catherine de Medici

The Queen of France who played a central role in the religious conflicts of her time, including the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Concordat of Bologna

A 1516 agreement between France and the Papacy that allowed the French king to appoint bishops.

Defenestration of Prague

The 1618 event where Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out of a window, triggering the Thirty Years' War.

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 decree by Henry IV of France granting religious tolerance to Huguenots, ending the French Wars of Religion.

Emperor Ferdinand II

The Holy Roman Emperor whose attempts to restore Catholicism contributed to the Thirty Years' War.

Frederick, Elector of the Palatinate

A Protestant leader who briefly became King of Bohemia

French Catholic League

A political and religious movement in France during the late 16th century. It aimed to protect Catholic interests and oppose Protestantism

German Catholic League

formed in 1609 as a response to the Protestant Union during the Thirty Years' War. It aimed to protect Catholic interests

Gustavus Adolphus

The King of Sweden who led Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War

Henry of Navarre (Henry the 4th)

The first Bourbon king of France who converted to Catholicism to secure his throne

Holy Roman Emperor

ruler of the Holy Roman Empire

Huguenots

French Protestants, primarily Calvinists, who faced severe persecution in predominantly Catholic France

Politiques

A group of French moderate Catholics and Protestants who prioritized national unity over religious differences

Poor Wretches

A peasant group involved in uprisings during the French Wars of Religion

Protestant Union

A coalition of Protestant German states formed to defend their interests within the Holy Roman Empire

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

targeted wave of killings that took place in France. Primarily Huguenots were killed

Thirty Year’s War

Conflict in Central Europe from 1618-1648, primarily involving the Holy Roman Empire and resulted in political and religious disputes.

Treaty of Westphalia

signed in 1648, ended the Thirty Year’s War in Europe and established a new system of political order based on state sovereignty

War of the 3 Henrys

A series of conflicts in late 16th-century France involving Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise