unit 2 apeuro terms

  1. 95 Theses:

    1. A document written by Martin Luther in 1517 criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences

    2. Sparked the Protestant Reformation

    3. Indulgences; Protestants

  2. Act of Supremacy:

    1. 1534 English law declaring King Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England

    2. lead to the English Reformation

    3. Henry VIII; Protestants

  3. Anabaptists:

    1. A radical Protestant sect that emerged in the 16th century

    2. Advocated for adult baptism and separation from state control

    3. Jean Calvin; Huldrych Zwingli

  4. Baroque:

    1. An artistic style that emerged in the late 16th century

    2. Often used in Catholic Reformation art

    3. Gianlorenzo Bernini; Catholic Reformation

  5. Catholic Reformation:

    1. The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation

    2. Involving internal reform and reaffirmation of doctrines

    3. Council of Trent; Ignatius Loyola

  6. Charles V:

    1. Holy Roman Emperor during the Reformation

    2. Reign was marked by religious conflict and attempts to maintain Catholic unity

    3. Peace of Augsburg; Edict of Worms

  7. Christian Humanism:

    1. A Renaissance movement

    2. Lead to calls for Church reform

    3. Desiderius Erasmus; Martin Luther

  8. Conciliarism:

    1. A reform movement in the 14th-16th centuries

    2. Advocated for the authority of general Church councils over the Pope

    3. Council of Trent; Great Schism

  9. Council of Trent:

    1. A major council of the Catholic Church (1545-1563)

    2. Played a central role in the Catholic Reformation by clarifying doctrine and reforming practices

    3. Catholic Reformation; Ignatius Loyola

  10. Desiderius Erasmus:

    1. A Dutch Christian humanist

    2. Works criticized Church corruption and influenced the Protestant Reformation

    3. Christian Humanism; Martin Luther

  11. Edict of Worms:

    1. A 1521 decree issued by Charles V banning Martin Luther's writings and declaring him a heretic

    2. Intensifying the Protestant Reformation

    3. Martin Luther; Charles V

  12. German Peasants' Revolt:

    1. A widespread popular revolt in 1524-1525

    2. Demanding economic and social reforms

    3. Martin Luther; Peasants

  13. Gianlorenzo Bernini:

    1. An Italian Baroque sculptor and architect

    2. Epitomized the drama and emotion of the Catholic Reformation

    3. Baroque; Catholic Reformation

  14. Great Schism: 

    1. The division in the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 when multiple popes claimed authority

    2. Lead to calls for reform and weakening the Church's unity

    3. Conciliarism; Council of Trent

  15. Hanseatic League:

    1. A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe

    2. Influential in medieval trade

    3. Peace of Augsburg; German Peasants' Revolt

  16. Henry VIII:

    1. The King of England who initiated the English Reformation by breaking with the Roman Catholic Church to form the Church of England

    2. Act of Supremacy; Protestants

  17. Huldrych Zwingli:

    1. A Swiss reformer who led the Reformation in Zurich

    2. Advocating for a simpler form of worship and rejecting traditional Catholic practices

    3. Anabaptists; Sacramentarian Controversy

  18. Ignatius Loyola:

    1. The founder of the Jesuit order

    2. Played a leading role in the Catholic Reformation through education and missionary work

    3. Council of Trent; Catholic Reformation

  19. Indulgences:

    1. A practice in the Catholic Church where people could pay to reduce punishment for sins

    2. Heavily criticized by Martin Luther in his 95 Theses

    3. 95 Theses; Catholic Reformation

  20. Jean Calvin:

    1. A French theologian and reformer who established a strict Protestant theocracy in Geneva

    2. Influenced Reformed theology

    3. Predestination; Protestants

  21. John Wyclif:

    1. An English theologian whose early criticisms of the Church in the 14th century

    2. Laid the groundwork for later Protestant reformers

    3. Martin Luther; Christian Humanism

  22. Martin Luther:

    1. A German monk whose 95 Theses initiated the Protestant Reformation

    2. Challenging Church authority and doctrines

    3. 95 Theses; Edict of Worms

  23. Peace of Augsburg:

    1. A 1555 agreement within the Holy Roman Empire

    2. Allowed rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the official religion of their territory

    3. Charles V; German Peasants' Revolt

  24. Predestination:

    1. The doctrine that God has already determined who will be saved

    2. Reflected the theological differences among Protestant groups

    3. Jean Calvin; Anabaptists

  25. Printing Press:

    1. An invention by Johann Gutenberg that revolutionized the spread of information

    2. Facilitated the rapid dissemination of Reformation ideas

    3. 95 Theses; Desiderius Erasmus

  26. Protestants:

    1. Christians who broke away from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation

    2. Lead to the establishment of various denominations

    3. Martin Luther; Jean Calvin

  27. Sacramentarian Controversy:

    1. A theological debate among early Protestants about the nature of the Eucharist, particularly between Luther and Zwingli

    2. Huldrych Zwingli; Anabaptists

  28. Schmalkaldic League:

    1. A defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire

    2. Formed to protect against Catholic forces

    3. Peace of Augsburg; Charles V

  29. Albert Wallenstein:

    1. A Bohemian military leader who fought for the Catholic side during the Thirty Years' War

    2. Became one of its most prominent figures

    3. Thirty Years' War; Emperor Ferdinand II

  30. Axel Oxenstierna:

    1. A Swedish statesman and key figure during the Thirty Years' War

    2. Continued Sweden's military involvement after the death of Gustavus Adolphus

    3. Gustavus Adolphus; Thirty Years' War

  31. Cardinal Richelieu:

    1. A French clergyman and statesman who strengthened royal power

    2. Supported Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War to weaken the Habsburgs

    3. French Catholic League; Thirty Years' War

  32. Catherine de Medici:

    1. The Queen of France who played a central role in the religious conflicts of her time, including the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre

    2. Huguenots; War of the 3 Henrys

  33. Concordat of Bologna:

    1. A 1516 agreement between France and the Papacy that allowed the French king to appoint bishops

    2. Reinforced royal control over the Church

    3. Catherine de Medici; Cardinal Richelieu

  34. Defenestration of Prague:

    1. The 1618 event where Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out of a window

    2. Triggered the Thirty Years' War

    3. Thirty Years' War; Emperor Ferdinand II

  35. Edict of Nantes:

    1. A 1598 decree by Henry IV of France granting religious tolerance to Huguenots

    2. Ended the French Wars of Religion

    3. Henry of Navarre (IV); French Catholic League

  36. Emperor Ferdinand II:

    1. The Holy Roman Emperor

    2. Attempts to restore Catholicism in his domains contributed to the outbreak and continuation of the Thirty Years' War

    3. Thirty Years' War; Albert Wallenstein

  37. Frederick, Elector of the Palatinate:

    1. A Protestant leader who briefly became King of Bohemia

    2. Defeat marked the beginning of the Habsburg victories in the Thirty Years' War

    3. Thirty Years' War; Defenestration of Prague

  38. French Catholic League:

    1. A coalition of Catholic nobles

    2. Formed to counter Protestant influence in France, playing a key role in the Wars of Religion

    3. St Bartholomew's Day Massacre; Cardinal Richelieu

  39. German Catholic League:

    1. A coalition of Catholic states within the Holy Roman Empire formed to counter Protestant alliances

    2. Played a key role in the Thirty Years' War

    3. Thirty Years' War; Schmalkaldic League

  40. Gustavus Adolphus:

    1. The King of Sweden who led Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War

    2. Known for his military innovations

    3. Axel Oxenstierna; Thirty Years' War

  41. Henry of Navarre (IV):

    1. The first Bourbon king of France who converted to Catholicism to secure his throne

    2. Issued the Edict of Nantes and ended the Wars of Religion

    3. Edict of Nantes; War of the 3 Henrys

  42. Holy Roman Emperor:

    1. The ruler of the Holy Roman Empire

    2. Played a central role in the religious conflicts of the Reformation and Thirty Years' War

    3. Charles V; Emperor Ferdinand II

  43. Huguenots:

    1. French Protestants were heavily persecuted during the French Wars of Religion

    2. Lead to the issuance of the Edict of Nantes

    3. Edict of Nantes; St Bartholomew's Day Massacre

  44. Politiques:

    1. A group of French moderate Catholics and Protestants who prioritized national unity over religious differences

    2. Advocated for a strong monarchy to end the Wars of Religion

    3. Henry of Navarre (IV); Catherine de Medici

  45. Poor Wretches:

    1. A peasant group involved in uprisings during the French Wars of Religion

    2. Reflected the broader social unrest of the period

    3. Peasants; German Peasants' Revolt

  46. Protestant Union:

    1. A coalition of Protestant German states formed to defend their interests within the Holy Roman Empire

    2. Played a role in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War

    3. Thirty Years' War; Schmalkaldic League

  47. St Bartholomew's Day Massacre:

    1. A 1572 massacre of Huguenots in Paris

    2. Marked a significant turning point in the French Wars of Religion

    3. Catherine de Medici; Huguenots

  48. Thirty Years' War:

    1. A devastating conflict (1618-1648) across Central Europe, rooted in religious and political disputes

    2. Reshaped the political and religious landscape of the continent

    3. Peace of Westphalia; Gustavus Adolphus

  49. Treaty of Westphalia:

    1. The 1648 peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War

    2. Established a new political order in Europe based on state sovereignty

    3. Thirty Years' War; Peace of Augsburg

  50. War of the 3 Henrys:

    1. A series of conflicts in late 16th-century France involving Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise

    2. Culminated in the rise of the Bourbon dynasty

    3. Henry of Navarre (IV); French Catholic League