AP Exam 2 - Diagrams

Direct Phosphorylation

The process of converting creatine phosphate to ATP without the need for oxygen, yielding 1 ATP per creatine phosphate.

Anaerobic Phosphorylation

A metabolic pathway that generates ATP from glucose without oxygen, producing 2 ATP per glucose through glycolysis and resulting in lactic acid.

Aerobic Phosphorylation

A process that requires oxygen to produce ATP, yielding approximately 34 ATP per glucose via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Creatine Phosphate System

An energy system that utilizes creatine phosphate to quickly regenerate ATP for short bursts of activity lasting about 10-15 seconds.

Lactic Acid System

An energy system that produces ATP without oxygen for high-intensity activities lasting 30-60 seconds, resulting in lactic acid buildup.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A process that generates ATP in the presence of oxygen, utilizing the electron transport chain and producing a large ATP yield.

Muscle Action Potential

A rapid change in membrane potential that occurs when sodium ions enter the muscle fiber, leading to muscle contraction.

Troponin

A protein that binds calcium ions and allows for the interaction between actin and myosin during muscle contraction.

Crossbridge Cycle

The series of steps during muscle contraction where myosin binds to actin, pulls, detaches, and re-cocks to continue the cycle.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction that initiates muscle contraction by binding to receptors on the muscle fiber.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, terminating the muscle contraction signal.

Neuromuscular Junction

The synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber, allowing for signal transmission that triggers muscle contraction.