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Biosphere
All areas with living organisms on the planet.
Ecosystem
Community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Community
A group of individuals of different species living in the same place.
Habitat
The natural home or environment of an organism.
Population
A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area.
Abiotic factors
Non-living factors that affect the distribution of organisms, such as temperature, sunlight, and water.
Biotic factors
Living factors that affect the distribution of organisms, such as plants, animals, and competition.
Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.
Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
Parasitism
A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another.
Autotrophs
Organisms that make their own food from simple substances, commonly known as producers.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that obtain food from other organisms, commonly known as consumers.
Detritivores
Organisms that obtain nutrients from nonliving organic matter.
Saprotrophs
Organisms that live on or in non-living organic matter and absorb the products of digestion.
Food chain
A linear feeding relationship between species, showing the transfer of energy.
Food web
A diagram that represents how food chains are interconnected.
Pyramid of biomass
A graphical representation of the biomass (total mass of living matter) at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
Energy flow in ecosystems
The flow of energy through producers and consumers, with energy lost at each trophic level.
Limiting factors
Environmental conditions that determine the rate of population growth.
Threats to biodiversity
Factors such as habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, and hunting that threaten species diversity.
Importance of biodiversity
Biodiversity ensures ecosystem resilience, providing essential resources and maintaining ecological balance.
Endemic species
Species that are native to and found only in a specific geographic location.
Methods of preserving biodiversity
Strategies such as habitat protection, pollution limitation, and establishment of protected areas.